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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Anesthesia | 13% | - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
| Topic 2: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Topic 3: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Physical examination, patient assessment - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients |
| Topic 4: Dentistry | 7% | - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 5: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Topic 6: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management |
| Topic 8: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 9: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 10: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
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NEW QUESTION # 1085
When euthanizing large animals/food animals or zoo/wildlife, we don't always have the luxury of a calm animal and then placing an IV catheter and giving an intravenous injection. Sometimes, we may need to dart the animal to catch it. Other times, we may be culling large groups of animals at a time, whether for slaughter or disease eradication.
According to the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) and in accordance with the AVMA guidelines, all of the following euthanasia measures may be utilized by appropriately trained personnel, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Methods considered acceptable for equine euthanasia include:
1. Lethal IV doses of barbiturates (as are utilized in small animal medicine)
2. Gunshot to the brain, ideally with pre-sedation
3. Penetrating captive bolt to the brain with a bolt specifically intended for euthanasia, ideally with pre-sedation
4. Lidocaine hydrochloride 2% (intrathecal) with the horse in a surgical anesthetic plane (directly into the spinal cord or subarachnoid space where it mixes with the cerebral spinal fluid and enters the brain)
5. A concentrated solution of either IV magnesium sulfate or IV potassium chloride while the horse is under a surgical plane of anesthesia
6. Alternative methods may be necessary and used at the veterinarian's discretion in special situations.
Remember that, as with small animal medicine, our goal with euthanasia is not humane killing (where there may be time for distress, pain, and suffering) but to end an animal's life peacefully and give them a good quality death.
Further, when considering euthanasia in large animals, make sure you are aware of local regulations and laws and the final disposition intent of the horse. If burial is considered, some regions will not permit pentobarbital use due to environmental risks.
NEW QUESTION # 1086
Which of the following can increase a dog's chance of contracting the distemper virus?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Exposure to wildlife can increase a dog's chance of contracting the distemper virus. Distemper is most commonly associated with domestic canines, but it may also affect other species. Distemper may be carried and spread by wild animals in the families Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Hyaenidae, Ailuridae, Procyonidae, and Pinnipedia. The mode of transmission for canine distemper is inhalation of the airborne virus or contact with urine, feces, or mucosal secretions.
Long-haired dogs, dogs that get blood transfusions, and dogs that live with an animal with diabetes mellitus are not at increased risk for contracting distemper.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 660.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 206.
NEW QUESTION # 1087
A dog presents with a history of unspecified trauma three months prior, for which he was not evaluated by his primary care veterinarian. He seemed fine until he started having some mild respiratory changes at home the past few days. However, this morning, the owners noticed a "tucked up" abdominal appearance, and he showed no interest in his food. His respiratory rate was elevated for a few hours. He became acutely short of breath, so they brought him into your emergency room. On triage, you auscult decreased lung sounds and muffled heart sounds. He is provided oxygen by mask as you get the veterinarian ASAP to evaluate the dog.
What do you suspect may be going on at this time?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A diaphragmatic hernia is a tear in the diaphragm which can allow abdominal organs to herniate into the chest cavity. Clinical signs include lack of appetite, lethargy, muffled heart and lung sounds, dyspnea, and tachypnea. Sometimes, gut sounds can be ausculted in the thoracic cavity if a portion of the GI tract has herniated. Herniated organs can be any, not limited to the stomach, intestines, and liver.
Diaphragmatic hernias can be diagnosed with radiographs or an ultrasound if abdominal contents have herniated into the thoracic cavity. Emergency therapy includes stabilizing and treating dyspnea with oxygen therapy, sedation/anxiolytic (butorphanol), and stress-free handling until surgery can be performed. Corrective surgery to repair the rent is warranted once stable.
Pneumonia often presents with coughing, fever, anorexia, crackles, or harsh lung sounds on auscultation. However, patients won't have the "tucked up" appearance seen when the abdominal cavity is devoid of some or all of its digestive system or other organs.
Pleural effusion can also cause respiratory difficulties, with ventral lung sound muffling, mucous membrane color changes, and weakness. Still, it would not have a tucked-in abdominal appearance.
Finally, pericardial effusion, or fluid between the exterior wall of the heart and the heart itself, puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from fully completing asystole and diastole (cannot fill or pump effectively). The most common cause of this disease is secondary to cancer, hemangiosarcoma, and the presence of either a splenic mass or right atrial mass, or both. However, it can occur for other reasons. Patients are often large breed dogs with a history of acute collapse, weakness, exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, and eventual dyspnea. This must always be ruled out in cases of decreased lung sounds, though often the heart sounds will be muffled or impossible to hear. Radiographs help differentiate it from other diseases.
NEW QUESTION # 1088
A veterinary technician suspects that a cow's pain is due to mastitis. Which of the following signs would suggest this cause?
Answer: C
Explanation:
When a cow kicks at its udder, it is a sign of mastitis. Other signs of mastitis include a stilted gait, unwillingness to move, and redness and swelling of the udder. NSAIDs and antibiotics are used to treat this painful condition.
The remaining answer options are incorrect, though they all may be signs of pain in cattle. Signs of general pain in a cow may include restlessness, anorexia, or standing with a tucked abdomen, but kicking at the udder is more specific to pain in that area.
NEW QUESTION # 1089
All of the following are benefits of using external surgical staples, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
The use of external staples can dramatically reduce surgical and anesthesia time. If you have a foreign body surgery on a German Shepherd that was properly placed from xiphoid to pubis for maximum exposure and to exteriorize the intestines, no matter how good of a surgeon the vet is, it takes time to suture that incision closed. A stapler can dramatically reduce that time. The staples come in a self-contained disposable unit that, when placed, takes on a unique shape in the skin. However, these staples require a specific staple remover to safely and atraumatically remove them.
Patients with a history of reactivity to sutures in the past, either with an inflammatory response or due to excessive licking, may respond better to staples. Thus, they can be a viable alternative for these patients.
Having a stapler ready-either because the patient has a history of reactivity or because of the type of surgery, patient, surgeon's preference, or duration of surgery-is ideal to help save time, and should be considered when you are prepping your surgery suite and obtaining all needed equipment.
NEW QUESTION # 1090
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