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質問 # 81
If no specific OSHA standard applies to a given potential health hazard, then
正解：A
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards outlined by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the Occupational Safety and Health Act includes a provision known as the General Duty Clause. This clause requires employers to furnish a workplace free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm, even when no specific OSHA standard addresses the hazard.
The General Duty Clause grants OSHA authority to cite employers for unsafe conditions not explicitly covered by a detailed regulation. To issue a citation under this clause, OSHA must demonstrate that a recognized hazard exists, that the hazard poses a risk of serious harm, and that feasible methods exist to correct or mitigate the hazard.
Therefore, OSHA retains enforcement authority even in the absence of a specific standard. The agency's jurisdiction does not disappear simply because no detailed regulation addresses the particular risk.
Legal and regulatory objectives in healthcare risk management emphasize maintaining compliance with federal occupational safety laws and proactively identifying workplace hazards. Accordingly, OSHA may govern the hazard under the General Duty Clause when no specific standard applies.
質問 # 82
The first layer of insurance that will respond to a specific type of loss or exposure is called
正解：B
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management principles supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, insurance coverage for liability exposures is often structured in layers. The first layer of insurance that responds to a covered loss is known as the primary policy.
Primary insurance provides initial coverage once any applicable deductible or self-insured retention has been satisfied. It is responsible for defense and indemnity payments up to the policy's stated per-occurrence and aggregate limits. Only after the primary policy limits are exhausted do excess or umbrella policies respond.
Terms such as baseline, foundation, and frontline are not recognized technical classifications in layered insurance structures. In professional and general liability programs, organizations commonly maintain a primary layer followed by one or more excess layers to protect against catastrophic losses.
Risk financing objectives emphasize understanding policy structure, limits, attachment points, and coordination between layers to ensure adequate protection of organizational assets. Therefore, the correct term for the first layer of insurance that responds to a loss is the primary policy.
質問 # 83
What in particular is the process chain in a laboratory subject to?
正解：D
解説：
Laboratory testing is best understood as atotal testing process(from test ordering through specimen collection, analysis, and result reporting). Across this chain, error risk is heavily influenced byvariability- especially inpre-analytical steps(patient identification, tube labeling, specimen handling, transport conditions) andpost-analytical steps(timely reporting, critical value communication, interpretation). Risk management objectives emphasize controlling variation through standard work, barcoding, competency training, environmental controls, and quality indicators for each phase. Importantly, many lab failures arise outside the analyzer itself; focusing only on the analytical instrument misses major sources of harm. Reducing variability improves reliability, reduces redraws and diagnostic delay, and supports defensible performance in accreditation and event review. In short: the lab process chain is a high-volume, multi-step clinical production system-variation is inevitable, but unmanaged variation increases patient safety risk.
質問 # 84
An employer is not required to offer a reasonable accommodation to a job applicant with a qualified disability unless
正解：D
解説：
Under Health Care Risk Management principles aligned with ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act ADA requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to qualified individuals with disabilities. However, the obligation to provide accommodation is generally triggered when the applicant or employee makes the employer aware of the need for accommodation.
The interactive process required by the ADA begins once the applicant requests an accommodation or discloses a need related to a disability. Employers are not required to speculate about potential disabilities or initiate accommodations without notice. While documentation may be requested to verify the disability in certain circumstances, proof is not the triggering requirement. Instead, the request itself initiates the employer' s duty to engage in good faith discussion to determine reasonable accommodation.
Withholding accommodation that creates an unsafe condition may raise separate workplace safety concerns, but that is not the threshold requirement under the ADA. Similarly, an employer's recognition alone does not automatically impose an obligation absent a request or clear disclosure.
Legal and regulatory objectives emphasize proper documentation, consistent application of ADA standards, and engagement in the interactive process once accommodation is requested. Therefore, the employer's duty arises when the applicant requests the accommodation.
質問 # 85
Which of the following should be the primary consideration when designing a new risk management program for a facility?
正解：B
解説：
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the primary consideration in designing a risk management program is alignment with the organization's mission and vision. A risk management program must support the strategic goals, values, and patient care objectives of the facility. This ensures that risk identification, mitigation strategies, and reporting structures are integrated into the broader organizational framework.
While facility size, insurance structure, and historical claims experience are important operational factors, they are secondary to strategic alignment. The mission and vision guide priorities such as patient safety, quality improvement, regulatory compliance, and financial stewardship. Risk management activities should be structured to advance these priorities, reinforce leadership commitment, and support governance oversight.
An effective program reflects organizational culture, scope of services, and community role. It establishes reporting mechanisms to leadership, integrates enterprise risk management principles, and promotes collaboration across departments.
Health Care Operations objectives emphasize governance integration, strategic alignment, and organizational accountability. Therefore, the mission and vision of the facility should be the primary consideration when designing a new risk management program.
質問 # 86
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