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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
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NEW QUESTION # 44
As a Kubernetes user, you have deployed the following Cilium Network Policy:
Cilium Layer 7 network policy exhibit
The network policy is not having any effect. What Is the Issue?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy attaches an HTTP Layer 7 rule to port 80 but omits protocol: TCP from the associated ports entry.
HTTP policy is layered on a Layer 4 TCP rule, and the documented Cilium form explicitly identifies TCP before specifying the HTTP method and path. D therefore identifies the configuration defect intended by the question.
The cross-namespace source selection is valid. The policy resides in namespace back and selects backend pods there. Its fromEndpoints selector explicitly includes k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: blog , allowing it to select matching app-frontend endpoints in that other namespace. Option A is consequently not an error.
The k8s: source prefix in k8s:app.kubernetes.io/name is also valid Cilium label syntax and identifies the Kubernetes label source, making B false. Port 80 may be used in a Cilium policy; the privileged-port restriction concerns which processes may bind low-numbered ports under operating-system permissions, not whether a network policy can reference them.
The corrected port entry should contain port: "80" together with protocol: TCP .
Official references
Cilium Layer 7 Policies , Kubernetes Constructs in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Combining Layer 4 port rules with Layer 7 HTTP policies.
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which component is embedded in the Cilium Agent and retrieves eBPF-based visibility from Cilium?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Hubble Server is embedded in each Cilium agent and consumes the eBPF-derived visibility data produced on that node. It exposes gRPC services through which clients can retrieve flow events, node and namespace information, server status, and related observability data. Embedding the server in the agent enables high-performance collection with comparatively low overhead.
Hubble Relay has a different role. It is a standalone component that discovers and connects to the Hubble Server instances running across the cluster. Relay aggregates their individual APIs to provide multi-node or cluster-wide visibility to clients such as the Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. It is therefore not the component embedded in the agent.
The Cilium CNI plugin is invoked when Kubernetes creates or removes pods and asks the local agent to configure their networking and datapath. The Cilium Operator performs cluster-wide management duties such as selected IPAM and shared-state operations. Neither component is responsible for exposing eBPF flow visibility.
This server-relay distinction is central to understanding Hubble's distributed architecture: Server provides node-local visibility, while Relay combines multiple servers into a cluster-wide view.
Official references
Hubble Internals , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Hubble Server, Hubble Relay, and distributed flow observability.
NEW QUESTION # 46
Which one of the following statements accurately describes the identity-based network security model used by Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives an endpoint's security identity from its security-relevant labels rather than from its current IP address. When multiple endpoints possess the same relevant label set, they receive and share the same numeric security identity. This enables policies to follow an application as pods are recreated, rescheduled, or scaled across nodes.
In Kubernetes, the Cilium agent obtains workload metadata through the Kubernetes API and associates the pod's labels with the corresponding Cilium endpoint. Identity allocation converts the relevant label set into a cluster-wide identity. Policy enforcement then matches that identity in the eBPF datapath instead of depending exclusively on short-lived pod addresses.
Option A incorrectly makes the IP address the source of identity and says that identities cannot be shared.
Option B incorrectly identifies annotations as the identity foundation. Annotations may configure behavior, but Cilium's security model is label-based. Option D is also incorrect because operators do not ordinarily assign each pod's numeric security identity manually. Identity allocation and lifecycle management are automatic.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identities , Limiting Identity-Relevant Labels
Study Guide topic: Label-derived identities and identity-based policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 47
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 49
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