참고: Fast2test에서 Google Drive로 공유하는 무료 2026 Linux Foundation CKS 시험 문제집이 있습니다: https://drive.google.com/open?id=16Ad0n4-wMl6BHqD6wd1aRToymgvX1Ah0
Fast2test선택으로Linux Foundation CKS시험을 패스하도록 도와드리겠습니다. 우선 우리Fast2test 사이트에서Linux Foundation CKS관련자료의 일부 문제와 답 등 샘플을 제공함으로 여러분은 무료로 다운받아 체험해보실 수 있습니다. 체험 후 우리의Fast2test에 신뢰감을 느끼게 됩니다. Fast2test에서 제공하는Linux Foundation CKS덤프로 시험 준비하세요. 만약 시험에서 떨어진다면 덤프전액환불을 약속 드립니다.
| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Detect threats at the container level - Understand and monitor network traffic - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity |
| Topic 2: System Hardening | 15% | - Modify host components to improve security - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Enable audit logging - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl |
| Topic 3: Cluster Setup | 10% | - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors |
| Topic 4: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace |
| Topic 5: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers |
| Topic 6: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand the container build process - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Minimize base image footprint - Use distroless images for static workload |
요즘 같은 인재가 많아지는 사회에도 많은 업계에서는 아직도 관련인재가 부족하다고 합니다.it업계에서도 이러한 상황입니다.Linux Foundation CKS시험은 it인증을 받을 수 있는 좋은 시험입니다. 그리고Fast2test는Linux Foundation CKS덤프를 제공하는 사이트입니다.
질문 # 38
SIMULATION
Given an existing Pod named test-web-pod running in the namespace test-system Edit the existing Role bound to the Pod's Service Account named sa-backend to only allow performing get operations on endpoints.
Create a new Role named test-system-role-2 in the namespace test-system, which can perform patch operations, on resources of type statefulsets.
Create a new RoleBinding named test-system-role-2-binding binding the newly created Role to the Pod's ServiceAccount sa-backend.
정답：A
질문 # 39
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
정답：
설명：
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....
질문 # 40
You are deploying a critical application on your Kubernetes cluster. You want to ensure that only certified and trusted container images are allowed to be deployed- How can you implement an Image Signature Verification process to ensure that all images pulled from your Docker registry are signed with a trusted key?
정답：
설명：
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Generate Key Pair: Generate a public and private key pair for signing container images.
bash
openssl genrsa -out private-key 2048
openssl rsa -pubout -in private-key -out public-key
2. Sign Container Image: use the private key to sign the container image-
bash
docker build -t my-app:latest
cosign Sign --key private.key my-app:latest
3. Push Signed Image: Push the signed image to your Docker registry.
bash
docker push my-app:latest
4. Configure Kubernetes Image Policy: Configure a Kubernetes ImagePolicyWebhook using a tool like Admission Webhook Controller to enforce image signature verification. The webhook can be configured to check for the presence of a valid signature using the public key and to reject images without a valid signature.
5. Deploy Image Policy Webhook: Deploy the ImagePolicyWebhook configuration using 'kubectl apply -f image-policy-webhook.yamr 6. Test Image Signature Verificatiom Create a new Deployment using an unsigned image. The deployment should be rejected by the webhook.
Note: This is a basic example. You can configure more advanced image signature verification policies based on your security needs and requirements. For example, you can enforce specific image signing policies, use multiple keys, and configure different failure policies.
질문 # 41
You are deploying a microservice application on Kubernetes, and you are concerned about the potential for one microservice to compromise the security of other microservices in the cluster. How can you use Kubernetes features to implement isolation between your microservices and minimize this risk?
정답：
설명：
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Namespaces: Use Kubernetes namespaces to logically separate your microservices. Each namespace can have its own set of resources, security
policies, and network configurations.
- Example: You could create namespaces for "user-service", "order-service", "payment-service", etc.
2. Network Policies: Define network policies to control communication between pods within and across namespaces.
- Example:
3. Pod Security Policies (PSPs): Use PSPs to restrict the capabilities and resources that pods can use. - Example:
4. Service Accounts: Create separate service accounts for each microservice and restrict their permissions. - Example: Use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) to define roles and bindings for each service account 5. Resource Quotas: Limit the resources (CPU, memory, etc.) that each microservice can consume. This helps prevent one microservice from ovenvhelming the cluster and impacting others. 6. Security Context: Use the 'securitycontext field in pod definitions to apply security restrictions to individual pods. - Example:
7. Pod Disruption Budgets (PDB): Set up PD8s to ensure that a minimum number of pods remain running for each microservice, even during upgrades or disruptions. 8. Least Privilege: Follow the principle of least privilege, only granting each microservice the minimum access it needs to perform its function.
질문 # 42
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new setting takes effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC b. Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes Node c. Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- a. Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
b. Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
Hint: Take the use of Tool Kube-Bench
정답：
설명：
API server:
Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC
Turn on Role Based Access Control. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) allows fine-grained control over the operations that different entities can perform on different objects in the cluster. It is recommended to use the RBAC authorization mode.
Fix - Buildtime
Kubernetes
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: kube-apiserver
tier: control-plane
name: kube-apiserver
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
+ - kube-apiserver
+ - --authorization-mode=RBAC,Node
image: gcr.io/google_containers/kube-apiserver-amd64:v1.6.0
livenessProbe:
failureThreshold: 8
httpGet:
host: 127.0.0.1
path: /healthz
port: 6443
scheme: HTTPS
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 15
name: kube-apiserver-should-pass
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/
name: k8s
readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- mountPath: /etc/pki
name: pki
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes
name: k8s
- hostPath:
path: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- hostPath:
path: /etc/pki
name: pki
Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes Node
Remediation: Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml on the master node and set the --authorization-mode parameter to a value that includes Node.
--authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
Audit:
/bin/ps -ef | grep kube-apiserver | grep -v grep
Expected result:
'Node,RBAC' has 'Node'
Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false
Remediation: Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml on the master node and set the below parameter.
--profiling=false
Audit:
/bin/ps -ef | grep kube-apiserver | grep -v grep
Expected result:
'false' is equal to 'false'
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
Remediation: If using a Kubelet config file, edit the file to set authentication: anonymous: enabled to false. If using executable arguments, edit the kubelet service file /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf on each worker node and set the below parameter in KUBELET_SYSTEM_PODS_ARGS variable.
--anonymous-auth=false
Based on your system, restart the kubelet service. For example:
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet.service
Audit:
/bin/ps -fC kubelet
Audit Config:
/bin/cat /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
Expected result:
'false' is equal to 'false'
2) Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Audit
docker inspect kubelet | jq -e '.[0].Args[] | match("--authorization-mode=Webhook").string' Returned Value: --authorization-mode=Webhook Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:- a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true Do not use self-signed certificates for TLS. etcd is a highly-available key value store used by Kubernetes deployments for persistent storage of all of its REST API objects. These objects are sensitive in nature and should not be available to unauthenticated clients. You should enable the client authentication via valid certificates to secure the access to the etcd service.
Fix - Buildtime
Kubernetes
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
annotations:
scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: ""
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: etcd
tier: control-plane
name: etcd
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
+ - etcd
+ - --auto-tls=true
image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd-amd64:3.2.18
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
livenessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- -ec
- ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints=https://[192.168.22.9]:2379 --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
--cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/healthcheck-client.crt --key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/healthcheck-client.key get foo failureThreshold: 8 initialDelaySeconds: 15 timeoutSeconds: 15 name: etcd-should-fail resources: {} volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /var/lib/etcd
name: etcd-data
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
name: etcd-certs
hostNetwork: true
priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /var/lib/etcd
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: etcd-data
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: etcd-certs
status: {}
질문 # 43
......
만일Linux Foundation CKS인증시험을 첫 번째 시도에서 실패를 한다면 Linux Foundation CKS덤프비용 전액을 환불 할 것입니다. 만일 고객이 우리 제품을 구입하고 첫 번째 시도에서 성공을 하지 못 한다면 모든 정보를 확인 한 후에 구매 금액 전체를 환불 할 것 입니다. 이러한 방법으로 저희는 고객에게 어떠한 손해도 주지 않을 것을 보장합니다.
CKS합격보장 가능 덤프자료: https://kr.fast2test.com/CKS-premium-file.html
Fast2test CKS 최신 PDF 버전 시험 문제집을 무료로 Google Drive에서 다운로드하세요: https://drive.google.com/open?id=16Ad0n4-wMl6BHqD6wd1aRToymgvX1Ah0