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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Asset Security | 10% | - Information and Asset Classification - Data Lifecycle Management |
| Security Assessment and Testing | 12% | - Audit Processes - Security Testing Methods |
| Software Development Security | 11% | - Application Security Controls - Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) |
| Security and Risk Management | 14% | - Compliance and Legal Requirements - Security Governance Principles - Professional Ethics |
| Security Operations | 13% | - Incident Response - Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity |
| Security Architecture and Engineering | 13% | - Secure Design Principles - Security Models and Frameworks |
| Identity and Access Management (IAM) | 13% | - Identity Lifecycle Management - Authentication and Authorization |
| Communication and Network Security | 13% | - Secure Network Components - Network Architecture and Design |
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NEW QUESTION # 408
Assuming an individual has taken all of the steps to keep their internet connection private, which of the following is the BEST to browse the web privately?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Assuming an individual has taken all of the steps to keep their internet connection private, such as using encryption, VPN, and secure protocols, the best option to browse the web privately is to prevent information about browsing activities from being stored on the personal device. This can be achieved by using the private or incognito mode of the web browser, which does not save the browsing history, cookies, cache, or other temporary files on the device. This can help protect the individual's privacy from other users who may have access to the device, or from malware that may compromise the device.
NEW QUESTION # 409
What is the process called when impact values are assigned to the security objectives for information types?
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 410
Which of the following is NOT true about IPSec Tunnel mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
IPSec can be run in either tunnel mode or transport mode. Each of these modes has
its own particular uses and care should be taken to ensure that the correct one is selected for the
solution:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used between gateways, or at an end-station to a gateway, the
gateway acting as a proxy for the hosts behind it.
Transport mode is used between end-stations or between an end-station and a gateway, if the
gateway is being treated as a host-for example, an encrypted Telnet session from a workstation
to a router, in which the router is the actual destination.
As Figure 1 shows, basically transport mode should be used for end-to-end sessions and tunnel
mode should be used for everything else. (Refer to the figure for the following discussion.)
Figure 1 Tunnel and transport modes in IPSec.
Figure 1 displays some examples of when to use tunnel versus transport mode:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used to encrypt traffic between secure IPSec gateways, such as
between the Cisco router and PIX Firewall (as shown in example A in Figure 1). The IPSec
gateways proxy IPSec for the devices behind them, such as Alice's PC and the HR servers in
Figure 1. In example A, Alice connects to the HR servers securely through the IPSec tunnel set up
between the gateways.
Tunnel mode is also used to connect an end-station running IPSec software, such as the Cisco
Secure VPN Client, to an IPSec gateway, as shown in example B.
In example C, tunnel mode is used to set up an IPSec tunnel between the Cisco router and a
server running IPSec software. Note that Cisco IOS software and the PIX Firewall sets tunnel
mode as the default IPSec mode.
Transport mode is used between end-stations supporting IPSec, or between an end-station and a
gateway, if the gateway is being treated as a host. In example D, transport mode is used to set up
an encrypted Telnet session from Alice's PC running Cisco Secure VPN Client software to
terminate at the PIX Firewall, enabling Alice to remotely configure the PIX Firewall securely.
AH Tunnel Versus Transport Mode
Figure 2 shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to AH. In transport mode, AH services
protect the external IP header along with the data payload. AH services protect all the fields in the
header that don't change in transport. The header goes after the IP header and before the ESP
header, if present, and other higher-layer protocols.
In tunnel mode, the entire original header is authenticated, a new IP header is built, and the new
IP header is protected in the same way as the IP header in transport mode.
Figure 2 AH tunnel versus transport mode.
AH is incompatible with Network Address Translation (NAT) because NAT changes the source IP
address, which breaks the AH header and causes the packets to be rejected by the IPSec peer.
ESP Tunnel Versus Transport Mode
Figure 3 shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to ESP. In transport mode, the IP
payload is encrypted and the original headers are left intact. The ESP header is inserted after the
IP header and before the upper-layer protocol header. The upper-layer protocols are encrypted
and authenticated along with the ESP header. ESP doesn't authenticate the IP header itself.
NOTE
Higher-layer information is not available because it's part of the encrypted payload.
When ESP is used in tunnel mode, the original IP header is well protected because the entire
original IP datagram is encrypted. With an ESP authentication mechanism, the original IP
datagram and the ESP header are included; however, the new IP header is not included in the
authentication.
When both authentication and encryption are selected, encryption is performed first, before
authentication. One reason for this order of processing is that it facilitates rapid detection and
rejection of replayed or bogus packets by the receiving node. Prior to decrypting the packet, the
receiver can detect the problem and potentially reduce the impact of denial-of-service attacks.
Figure 3 ESP tunnel versus transport mode.
ESP can also provide packet authentication with an optional field for authentication. Cisco IOS
software and the PIX Firewall refer to this service as ESP hashed message authentication code
(HMAC). Authentication is calculated after the encryption is done. The current IPSec standard
specifies SHA-1 and MD5 as the mandatory HMAC algorithms.
The main difference between the authentication provided by ESP and AH is the extent of the
coverage. Specifically, ESP doesn't protect any IP header fields unless those fields are
encapsulated by ESP (tunnel mode). Figure 4 illustrates the fields protected by ESP HMAC.
Figure 4 ESP encryption with a keyed HMAC.
IPSec Transforms
An IPSec transform specifies a single IPSec security protocol (either AH or ESP) with its
corresponding security algorithms and mode. Example transforms include the following:
The AH protocol with the HMAC with MD5 authentication algorithm in tunnel mode is used for
authentication.
The ESP protocol with the triple DES (3DES) encryption algorithm in transport mode is used for
confidentiality of data.
The ESP protocol with the 56-bit DES encryption algorithm and the HMAC with SHA-1
authentication algorithm in tunnel mode is used for authentication and confidentiality.
Transform Sets
A transform set is a combination of individual IPSec transforms designed to enact a specific
security policy for traffic. During the ISAKMP IPSec security association negotiation that occurs in
IKE phase 2 quick mode, the peers agree to use a particular transform set for protecting a
particular data flow. Transform sets combine the following IPSec factors:
Mechanism for payload authentication-AH transform
Mechanism for payload encryption-ESP transform
IPSec mode (transport versus tunnel)
Transform sets equal a combination of an AH transform, plus an ESP transform, plus the IPSec
mode (either tunnel or transport mode).
This brings us to the end of the second part of this five-part series of articles covering IPSec. Be
sure to catch the next installment.
Cisco Press at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/printerfriendly.asp?p=25477
and
Source: TIPTON, Harold F. & KRAUSE, MICKI, Information Security Management Handbook, 4th
Edition, Volume 2, 2001, CRC Press, NY, Pages 166-167.
NEW QUESTION # 411
A large bank deploys hardware tokens to all customers that use their online banking system. The token generates and displays a six digit numeric password every 60 seconds. The customers must log into their bank accounts using this numeric password. This is an example of
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 412
Which of the following is the MOST important goal of information asset valuation?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 413
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