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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Topic 2: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Topic 3: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Standards and compliance |
| Topic 4: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - HMAC construction and application - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography Testantworten <<
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17. Frage
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
Antwort: B
Begründung:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash = same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
18. Frage
(What is the value of 23 mod 6?)
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The expression 23 mod 6 asks for the remainder when 23 is divided by 6. Modular arithmetic is foundational in cryptography, especially in public-key systems (RSA, Diffie-Hellman, ECC) where operations occur in finite rings or fields. To compute 23 mod 6, identify the largest multiple of 6 that does not exceed 23.
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24. Since 24 is greater than 23, the largest valid multiple is 18. Subtract: 23 # 18
= 5, so the remainder is 5. Therefore, 23 mod 6 = 5, which corresponds to option "05." Modular reduction keeps numbers within a fixed range (0 to modulus#1), enabling stable arithmetic under wraparound behavior.
In cryptographic protocols, this wraparound property is essential for defining groups and ensuring operations remain bounded and consistent.
19. Frage
(Which authentication method allows a customer to authenticate to a web service?)
Antwort: C
Begründung:
One-way client authentication is the method where the client (customer) proves its identity to the server (web service). In cryptographic terms, this is commonly implemented through client credentials such as client TLS certificates (mTLS from the server's perspective) or through authentication protocols layered over TLS (for example, signed tokens), but the defining direction is that the client is the party being authenticated. In a strict TLS certificate-authentication framing, client authentication occurs when the server requests a client certificate during the handshake and the client demonstrates possession of the corresponding private key (via signature in handshake messages). The server then validates the client certificate chain and authorization policy. One-way server authentication, by contrast, authenticates only the server to the client and does not identify the customer. Mutual authentication authenticates both sides simultaneously; while it includes client authentication, it is broader than what the question asks. "End-to-end authentication" describes assurance between endpoints across intermediaries, but it is not the specific "customer authenticates to service" method in certificate-based terminology. Therefore, the best answer is one-way client authentication.
20. Frage
(Which number generator has different results given the same input data?)
Antwort: A
Begründung:
A true random number generator (TRNG) produces outputs derived from nondeterministic physical processes (e.g., thermal noise, oscillator jitter, radioactive decay, or other hardware entropy sources).
Because the underlying phenomenon is not algorithmically determined by an input seed in the same way as a PRNG, repeated "inputs" (or identical conditions from a software perspective) do not yield the same sequence; the outputs vary unpredictably. By contrast, a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is deterministic: given the same seed and internal state, it produces the same output sequence, which is useful for repeatability but means security depends on seed secrecy and proper seeding.
"Prime" is not a generator type, and "sequence" is too generic and does not imply nondeterminism. In cryptographic systems, TRNGs (or hardware entropy sources) are often used to seed cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs), combining high-quality entropy with efficient generation. Therefore, the generator that can produce different results for the "same input data" is a true random number generator.
21. Frage
(Which feature is characteristic of asymmetric encryption?)
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Asymmetric encryption is defined by using a key pair: a public key that can be shared widely and a private key that remains secret to its owner. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted with the other (in confidentiality use cases, encryption with the recipient's public key and decryption with the recipient's private key). This design solves key distribution challenges: anyone can encrypt to a recipient without first sharing a secret key securely. It also enables digital signatures, where the private key signs and the public key verifies-supporting authenticity and integrity. Option B describes symmetric cryptography, not asymmetric. Option C is not a defining property; both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms can involve rounds or repeated operations. Option D is incorrect because asymmetric encryption is reversible for the intended holder of the private key; "irreversible" describes hashing, not encryption. Therefore, the characteristic feature of asymmetric encryption is the use of both a public and private key.
22. Frage
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