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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Introduction to Fixed Networks | - FTTH, FTTx and FWA solutions - Broadband access fundamentals |
| Topic 2: Access Network | - OLT functions - Multicast and QoS principles - Access network architecture |
| Topic 3: Fixed Networks Management | - Netconf/YANG and telemetry - NFV and SDN concepts - Altiplano Software-Defined Access Network (SDAN) |
| Topic 4: Home Network | - Home devices and connectivity - Wi-Fi fundamentals |
| Topic 5: Broadband Services | - Internet, IPTV and voice services - Lightspan service components |
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質問 # 25
A residential gateway ONT provides routed Internet access to devices in a subscriber's home. Which DHCP role does it normally perform on the home LAN?
正解：D
解説：
A Layer 3 residential gateway normally operates as a DHCP server on the subscriber's home LAN. It assigns private IP addresses and other configuration information, such as the default gateway and DNS server addresses, to connected devices. On its network-facing WAN interface, the gateway may operate as a DHCP client to obtain service parameters from the operator's network. These two DHCP roles must not be confused. The gateway also commonly performs routing, Network Address Translation, firewall enforcement, and local Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity. The OLT transports and controls subscriber access traffic but does not normally allocate private LAN addresses directly to individual home devices. This architecture separates the operator-facing connection from the subscriber's private local network and allows multiple home devices to share the broadband service.
質問 # 26
An optical link experiences unexpectedly high signal loss immediately after a fiber cable is routed around a very tight corner. What is the most likely cause?
正解：A
解説：
Macrobending occurs when an optical fiber is bent with a radius smaller than its supported minimum bend radius. The excessive bend can cause part of the optical signal to escape from the core, increasing attenuation and reducing the received optical power. This problem can appear after poor cable installation, improper storage, or routing the cable sharply around structural objects. Chromatic dispersion causes different wavelengths or spectral components of an optical pulse to travel at slightly different speeds, but it is not normally triggered by one tight physical corner. DSL crosstalk applies to copper pairs, while Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation controls upstream transmission opportunities in a PON. Correcting the cable routing and respecting the specified bend radius can remove or reduce the loss.
質問 # 27
In a GPON system using Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation, which device determines when an ONT may transmit upstream traffic?
正解：D
解説：
The OLT controls upstream access to the shared GPON medium. Multiple ONTs use the same upstream wavelength, so uncoordinated transmissions could overlap and cause collisions. Through Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation, the OLT evaluates bandwidth requirements and assigns upstream transmission grants to the ONTs. These grants specify when an ONT can transmit and how much upstream capacity it may use. Traffic containers, or T-CONTs, help represent different upstream traffic and service requirements. The passive splitter cannot schedule traffic because it has no processing capability. The residential gateway handles subscriber-side functions, while an aggregation switch forwards Ethernet traffic beyond the access network. Centralized upstream scheduling enables efficient bandwidth sharing and helps the operator support different service priorities and performance commitments across subscribers.
質問 # 28
A provider wants to separate every subscriber's traffic throughout the access network, even when subscribers use the same service. Which VLAN model best meets this requirement?
正解：B
解説：
A VLAN-per-subscriber model assigns a distinct VLAN context to each subscriber, providing clear Layer 2 separation between subscribers even when they consume the same service. This can simplify subscriber identification and support individual policy or forwarding treatment, but it requires the network to accommodate a larger number of VLANs. In a VLAN-per-service model, multiple subscribers using the same service can share a service VLAN toward the aggregation network. The access node must then preserve subscriber isolation through other forwarding controls and map traffic correctly between subscriber-facing and network-facing interfaces. Using one untagged VLAN for the entire access network provides insufficient segmentation. Assigning a VLAN to each multicast channel categorizes content rather than uniquely separating individual subscribers and therefore does not meet the stated requirement.
質問 # 29
What is the primary purpose of vectoring in a DSL access network?
正解：C
解説：
DSL vectoring is primarily used to reduce or cancel far-end crosstalk between copper pairs operating within the same cable bundle. Crosstalk can significantly reduce the attainable data rate, particularly with high-frequency technologies such as VDSL2. A vectoring system measures interference among coordinated lines and generates compensating signals that counteract the crosstalk. This can improve connection stability and allow lines to operate closer to their theoretical performance. Vectoring is different from bonding. Bonding combines the capacity of multiple physical copper pairs to increase the aggregate subscriber bitrate. Vectoring also does not divide optical signals because that is the function of a splitter in a passive optical network. Its effectiveness generally depends on coordinating the relevant DSL lines through compatible access equipment.
質問 # 30
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