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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Model Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Model performance and accuracy testing - Drift detection and monitoring - Explainability and transparency testing - Adversarial and robustness testing - Metamorphic and statistical testing |
| Test Approaches and Techniques for AI Systems | 10% | - Risk-based testing - Exploratory testing and red teaming - Test environment and tool considerations - A/B testing and back-to-back testing |
| Introduction to Testing AI-Based Systems | 10% | - Characteristics of AI and ML systems - AI-specific quality characteristics - Challenges in testing AI-based systems |
| Test Levels and Machine Learning Systems | 15% | - Testing across ML lifecycle stages - Unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing for ML - Test strategies for AI projects |
| Input Data Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Data quality attributes - Validation of data pipelines and preprocessing - Label verification and ground truth assessment - Testing for bias, representativeness, and completeness |
| Testing Generative AI and Large Language Models | 15% | - Specific risks and test approaches for LLMs - Evaluation of generative AI outputs - Generative AI fundamentals |
| Machine Learning Development Testing | 10% | - Regression testing for retrained models - Testing ML development workflows - Testing MLOps and deployment pipelines |
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NEW QUESTION # 161
Which option describes a reasonable application of AIB testing for a self-learning system after it has changed its behavior due to user input?
Answer: B
Explanation:
According to Section4.6 - AI Behaviour Testing (AIB Testing)of the ISTQB CT-AI syllabus, AIB testing is used to evaluate changes in the functional behavior of self-learning systems. The core principle iscomparing pre-change and post-change model behavior using the same test inputs, so that any difference in outputs can be attributed to the model's learning and not to differences in input data. This directly corresponds to Option C.
NEW QUESTION # 162
Which supervised-learning classification/regression statement is correct?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus explains supervised learning under Section1.6 - Machine Learning Approaches
. It definesclassificationas predictingcategorical labels, whereasregressionpredictscontinuous numerical values. OptionB-deciding whether an object is a bicycle or a motorcycle-fits the definition of classification precisely because the model chooses between discrete categories. The syllabus also uses similar examples to illustrate classification tasks, reinforcing that this is the correct interpretation .
Option A is incorrect because image recognition of a dog is aclassificationtask, not regression. Option C is incorrect because predicting a 10% price rise involves forecasting anumerical value, which is aregression problem. Option D is incorrect because classification can involveany number of classes, not only two.
Multiclass classification is explicitly mentioned in the syllabus.
Therefore, OptionBis the only answer aligned with the syllabus' definitions.
NEW QUESTION # 163
Consider an AI system in which the complex internal structure has been generated by another software system. Why would the tester choose to do black-box testing on this particular system?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The syllabus explains:
"Where the internal structure of an AI-based system is too complex for humans to understand, the system can only be tested as a black box. Even when the internal structure is visible, this provides no additional useful information to help with testing." This confirms that black-box testing is chosen because the tester does not need to understand the system's internal structure.
NEW QUESTION # 164
An airline has created a ML model to project fuel requirements for future flights. The model imports weather data such as wind speeds and temperatures, calculates flight routes based on historical routings from air traffic control, and estimates loads from average passenger and baggage weights. The model performed within an acceptable standard for the airline throughout the summer but as winter set in the load weights became less accurate. After some exploratory data analysis it became apparent that luggage weights were higher in the winter than in summer.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the problem and how it could have been prevented?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The problem described in the question is a classic case ofconcept drift. Concept drift occurs when the relationship between input variables and the output variable changes over time, leading to a decline in model accuracy.
In this scenario, theaverage passenger and baggage weightsused in the model changed due to seasonal variations, but the model was not updated accordingly. This resulted in inaccurate predictions for fuel requirements in the winter season. This is an example ofseasonal drift, where model behavior changes periodically due to recurring trends (e.g., higher luggage weights in winter compared to summer).
To prevent such problems:
* Themodel should be regularly testedfor concept drift against agreed ML functional performance criteria.
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)should be performed periodically to detect gradual changes in input distributions.
* Retraining of the modelwith updated training data should be done to maintain accuracy.
* If drift is detected, mitigation techniques such asincremental learning, retraining with new data, or adjusting model parametersshould be employed.
* Option B (Easing the performance standard instead of addressing drift): Lowering the performance standard is not a solution; it only masks the problem without fixing it. Instead, regular testing and retraining should be used to handle drift properly.
* Option C (Corruption and reloading the model): Model corruption is unrelated to this issue.
Corruption refers to accidental or malicious damage to the model or data, whereas this case is due to a changing data environment.
* Option D (Lack of transparency): Transparency refers to how understandable the model's decisions are, but the problem here is a change in data distributions, making drift the primary concern.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 7.6: Testing for Concept Drift)
* "The operational environment can change over time without the trained model changing correspondingly. This phenomenon is known as concept drift and typically causes the outputs of the model to become increasingly less accurate and less useful."
* "Systems that may be prone to concept drift should be regularly tested against their agreed ML functional performance criteria to ensure that any occurrences of concept drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated."
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 7.7: Selecting a Test Approach for an ML System)
* "If concept drift is detected, it may be mitigated by retraining the system with up-to-date training data followed by confirmation testing, regression testing, and possibly A/B testing where the updated system must outperform the original system." Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the question describes a situation whereseasonal variations affected input data distributions, the correct answer isA: The model suffers from drift and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any occurrences of drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated.
NEW QUESTION # 165
Which statement regarding the use of training, validation, and test data sets is correct?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus (Section3.2 - Model Evaluation) specifies the correct usage oftraining, validation, andtestdatasets. It emphasizes that the test dataset must be representative of the real operational dataand must beequivalent in distribution to the training and validation sets, ensuring a fair and unbiased evaluation. Option D precisely matches this requirement.
NEW QUESTION # 166
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