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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| HVAC Systems and Building Envelope | 15% | - Heating, ventilation and air conditioning - Load calculation and system selection - Thermal envelope performance |
| Industrial Systems | 6–8 | - Compressed air, pumping, and drying systems - Process energy efficiency |
| Building Automation and Controls | 5% | - Control systems and strategies - Automation and optimization - Building management systems |
| Energy Accounting and Economics | 15% | - Life cycle costing and economic analysis - Time value of money, NPV, IRR, payback analysis - Energy units and conversions - Utility rate structures and tariffs |
| Operations, Maintenance and Commissioning | 5% | - Commissioning and retro-commissioning - Maintenance best practices |
| Electrical Power Systems and Motors | 15% | - Power factor correction and load management - Power distribution and quality - Motor systems, efficiency and controls |
| Measurement and Verification | 5% | - Baseline development and savings calculation - M&V protocols and standards |
| Lighting Systems | 10% | - Design and control strategies - Daylighting integration - Lighting technologies and efficiency |
| Energy Audits and Instrumentation | 10% | - Audit levels and methodologies - Energy performance indicators - Data collection and analysis - Measurement tools and instrumentation |
| Energy Storage Systems | 3–5 | - Storage technologies and applications - Integration and benefits |
| Boiler and Steam Systems | 4–6 | - Operation and efficiency - Maintenance and optimization |
| Energy Savings Performance Contracting | 5% | - Contract structures and financing - Guaranteed savings and risk allocation |
| Distributed Generation and Renewable Energy | 4–6 | - Combined heat and power (CHP) - Solar, wind, biomass, geothermal - Grid integration and economics |
| Codes, Standards and Regulations | 5% | - Sustainability policies and frameworks - Energy efficiency codes and standards - Compliance and reporting requirements |
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NEW QUESTION # 89
Some international electric utilities use 'net metering" for customers with renewable energy equipment, such as photovoltaic power panels. Which of the following best describes net metering with regard to excess power generation and utility billing practices?
SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER
Answer: B
Explanation:
Net metering allows customers with renewable energy systems to receive credit for excess electricity fed back to the grid, offsetting their consumption over a billing period. This mechanism encourages renewable energy adoption by providing financial benefits to consumers.
NEW QUESTION # 90
An energy project implemented today saves $10,000 per year for the next 20 years. Using the 5% interest table, determine the total value of savings at the end of the 20th year?
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 91
A large office building is entirely fitted out with ten-thousand new T5 fluorescent lamps today, which will be operational for 2,500 hours per year. The lamps are supposed to last 17,860 hours. How many months from today will be the best schedule for group relamping (total replacement of all the T5 fluorescent lamps in the building)?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 92
Which of the advantages listed below, makes an ice TES system more preferred over a water TES system, when a load shifting strategy is considered?
Answer: C
Explanation:
To determine which advantage makes an ice Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system more preferred over a water TES system for a load shifting strategy, we need to evaluate each option based on the principles of thermal energy storage as outlined in the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) Certified EnergyManager (CEM) training materials. Load shifting involves storing energy (cooling capacity) during off-peak periods and releasing it during peak demand, making storage efficiency and capacity critical. Let's analyze each option step-by-step.
Step 1: Understand Ice TES vs. Water TES in Load Shifting
* Ice TES: Uses the latent heat of fusion of water (ice melting) to store cooling energy. Ice is formed during off-peak hours (e.g., overnight) and melted during peak hours to provide cooling.
* Water TES: Uses the sensible heat capacity of water, storing chilled water (typically 4-6°C) to provide cooling.
* Load Shifting Goal: Maximize cooling storage in minimal space and cost, shifting electrical demand from peak to off-peak periods.
* CEM Reference: CEM materials in the "Thermal Energy Storage" section highlight ice TES for its high energy density and compact storage, contrasted with water TES for simpler operation but larger volume requirements.
Step 2: Evaluate Each Option
Option A: Ice-storage systems operate with a higher coefficient of performance (COP)
* Analysis:
* COP Definition: COP = (Cooling Output) / (Energy Input). For TES, this relates to the chiller's efficiency.
* Ice TES: Requires chillers to operate at lower temperatures (e.g., -5°C to 0°C) to freeze water, which typically reduces chiller COP (e.g., 3-4) compared to water TES chillers operating at 4-6° C (COP ~5-6).
* Reality: Ice TES systems often have a lower COP due to the additional energy needed for phase change, though total system efficiency may improve with load shifting benefits.
* CEM Reference: CEM notes that ice TES energy input is higher per unit of cooling due to lower evaporating temperatures, contradicting a "higher COP" claim.
* Conclusion: This statement is incorrect and not an advantage for ice TES in load shifting.
Option B: Ice-storage systems require smaller storage tanks since ice has a higher energy storage density
* Analysis:
* Energy Storage Density:
* Ice TES: Relies on latent heat of fusion = 334 kJ/kg (80 kcal/kg or ~144 Btu/lb). This is the energy absorbed/released when water freezes/melts, far exceeding sensible heat.
* Water TES: Relies on sensible heat = cp##T c_p \cdot \Delta T cp##T, where cp=4.18 kJ
/kg\cdotp°C c_p = 4.18 \, \text{kJ/kg °C} cp=4.18kJ/kg\cdotp°C (1 Btu/lb °F). For a typical #T=10°C\Delta T = 10°C#T=10°C (e.g., 4°C to 14°C), energy stored = 4.18×10=41.
8 kJ/kg 4.18 \times 10 = 41.8 \, \text{kJ/kg} 4.18×10=41.8kJ/kg (~20 Btu/lb).
* Comparison: Ice stores ~8 times more energy per kg than water for a 10°C range (334 vs.
41.8 kJ/kg).
* Volume Impact: Ice's density (~917 kg/m³) is slightly less than water (~1000 kg/m³), but the latent heat advantage dominates, reducing required tank volume significantly.
* Load Shifting: Smaller tanks mean less space and potentially lower capital costs, a key advantage for peak load management.
* CEM Reference: CEM training emphasizes ice TES's high energy density as a primary reason for its preference in space-constrained load shifting applications.
* Conclusion: This statement is correct and a clear advantage for ice TES.
Option C: Water-storage systems require smaller storage tanks since water has a higher density than ice
* Analysis:
* Density: Water = 1000 kg/m³; Ice = 917 kg/m³. Water is denser, but density alone doesn't determine storage size in TES.
* Energy Storage: As calculated, water's sensible heat capacity (e.g., 41.8 kJ/kg for 10°C) is much lower than ice's latent heat (334 kJ/kg). To store the same cooling capacity, water TES requires
~8 times more mass and thus larger tanks (even accounting for density differences).
* Implication: Water TES tanks are larger, not smaller, contradicting the statement.
* CEM Reference: CEM materials note water TES's larger volume requirements as a disadvantage compared to ice TES.
* Conclusion: This statement is incorrect and not an advantage for ice TES (it favors water TES incorrectly).
Option D: Ice-storage systems require lower maintenance due to lower pumping volume
* Analysis:
* Pumping Volume: Ice TES often uses glycol or brine solutions to transfer heat at lower temperatures, requiring pumps sized for smaller volumes due to concentrated coolingcapacity.
Water TES circulates larger volumes of chilled water. However, "lower pumping volume" doesn' t directly translate to "lower maintenance."
* Maintenance: Ice TES systems are more complex (ice-making equipment, heat exchangers), potentially increasing maintenance (e.g., defrost cycles, corrosion from brine). Water TES is simpler, often with lower maintenance needs.
* CEM Reference: CEM discusses ice TES complexity as a trade-off for its density advantage, not a maintenance benefit.
* Conclusion: This statement is questionable and not a primary advantage for load shifting.
Step 3: Identify the Key Advantage for Load Shifting
* Load Shifting Context: The goal is to store maximum cooling capacity efficiently during off-peak hours. Option B (smaller tanks due to higher energy storage density) directly supports this by reducing space and installation costs, a critical factor in TES design per CEM guidelines.
* Elimination:
* A: Incorrect (lower COP, not higher).
* C: Incorrect (water TES tanks are larger).
* D: Weak (maintenance isn't clearly lower; not the primary driver).
* B: Correct and relevant.
NEW QUESTION # 93
What is the definition of lamp life for a fluorescent lamp?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 94
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