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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - API access restriction - Service account security - RBAC configuration |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - SBOM & CI/CD security - Static analysis tools - Image security & scanning - Permitted registries - Signed artifacts & verification |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - CIS benchmark compliance - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration - Binary verification - Node metadata protection |
| System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Minimize OS attack surface - Least privilege IAM - Network access control |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Audit log configuration - Container immutability - Incident investigation - Threat detection (Falco) - Behavioral analytics |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Secret management - Pod Security Standards - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Security contexts |
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NEW QUESTION # 45
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster with several deployments running different microservices. You need to ensure that all pods are running with appropriate security context constraints (SCCs) to minimize the risk of privilege escalation and other security vulnerabilities. Explain how you would implement and enforce pod security standards using SCCs, providing specific examples ot common security constraints and how you would configure them for various deployment scenarios.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Security Context Constraints (SCCs):
- Create a new SCC resource. Here's an example for a restrictive SCC named "restricted-scc"'
2. Apply the SCC to Deployments: - Add a 'securitycontext' section to your Deployment resources to apply the SCC- Here's an example:
3. Test and Evaluate: - After deploying with the SCC, test the deployment and verify that the pod is created with the expected security restrictions. - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=my-apps to verify the pod's status and Its security context. Key Security Constraints in the Example: - 'allowPriviIegeEscaIation: false': Prevents containers from escalating their privileges. - 'readOnIyRootFiIesystem: true': Prevents modification of the root filesystem, reducing the risk of malicious code tampering. - 'privileged: false: Disallows running containers with root privileges, mitigating security risks. - 'volumes': Restricts the types of volumes that can be used, limiting access to sensitive data or resources. Deployment Scenario: - For critical services handling sensitive data, use a highly restrictive SCC like the one provided. - For less critical services, you might need a more permissive SCC. - You can create different SCCs for different levels of security requirements and apply them accordingly. Important Notes: - Always test your SCCs thoroughly before implementing them in production environments. - Regularly review and update your SCCs to ensure they remain effective and in line with your security best practices. - Consider using Kubernetes security scanning tools to identifiy potential vulnerabilities in your deployments and SCC configurations.
NEW QUESTION # 46
Create a new NetworkPolicy named deny-all in the namespace testing which denies all traffic of type ingress and egress traffic
Answer:
Explanation:
You can create a "default" isolation policy for a namespace by creating a NetworkPolicy that selects all pods but does not allow any ingress traffic to those pods.
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: default-deny-ingress
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
You can create a "default" egress isolation policy for a namespace by creating a NetworkPolicy that selects all pods but does not allow any egress traffic from those pods.
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: allow-all-egress
spec:
podSelector: {}
egress:
- {}
policyTypes:
- Egress
Default deny all ingress and all egress traffic
You can create a "default" policy for a namespace which prevents all ingress AND egress traffic by creating the following NetworkPolicy in that namespace.
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: default-deny-all
spec:
podSelector: {}
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
This ensures that even pods that aren't selected by any other NetworkPolicy will not be allowed ingress or egress traffic.
NEW QUESTION # 47
SIMULATION
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes: Cluster: immutable-cluster Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1 You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context immutable-cluster
Context: It is best practice to design containers to be stateless and immutable.
Task:
Inspect Pods running in namespace prod and delete any Pod that is either not stateless or not immutable.
Use the following strict interpretation of stateless and immutable:
1. Pods being able to store data inside containers must be treated as not stateless.
Note: You don't have to worry whether data is actually stored inside containers or not already.
2. Pods being configured to be privileged in any way must be treated as potentially not stateless or not immutable.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
Reference:
https://cloud.google.com/architecture/best-practices-for-operating-containers
NEW QUESTION # 48
SIMULATION
Documentation
ServiceAccount, Deployment,
Projected Volumes
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000033
Context
A security audit has identified a Deployment improperly handling service account tokens, which could lead to security vulnerabilities.
Task
First, modify the existing ServiceAccount stats-monitor-sa in the namespace monitoring to turn off automounting of API credentials.
Next, modify the existing Deployment stats-monitor in the namespace monitoring to inject a ServiceAccount token mounted at /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token.
Use a Projected Volume named token to inject the ServiceAccount token and ensure that it is mounted read-only.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to correct host
ssh cks000033
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Patch the ServiceAccount to disable automounting
Task: turn off automounting of API credentials for stats-monitor-sa in monitoring.
kubectl -n monitoring patch sa stats-monitor-sa -p '{"automountServiceAccountToken": false}' Verify:
kubectl -n monitoring get sa stats-monitor-sa -o yaml | grep -i automount
3) Edit the Deployment manifest file
Task says to modify the manifest at:
/home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml
vi /home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml
4) In the Deployment, ensure it uses the ServiceAccount AND inject token via Projected Volume
4.1 Make sure Deployment uses the SA
Under:
spec: -> template: -> spec:
ensure:
serviceAccountName: stats-monitor-sa
(If it already exists, leave it; don't add extra changes beyond requirements.)
4.2 Add a projected volume named token
Under:
spec: -> template: -> spec: -> volumes:
add (or modify existing volume if present) so it is exactly:
- name: token
projected:
sources:
- serviceAccountToken:
path: token
This creates the file token inside the mounted directory, so the final path becomes:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
4.3 Mount the projected volume read-only at the required location
Under the target container:
spec: -> template: -> spec: -> containers: -> (your container) -> volumeMounts:
Add:
- name: token
mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
readOnly: true
✅ This satisfies:
Projected volume name: token
Mount path: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token (file inside mount) Mounted read-only
4.4 Important: Don't break default token mount behavior
Because you disabled SA automounting at the ServiceAccount level, you must explicitly mount the projected token (done above). That's the whole point of this task.
Save and exit:
:wq
5) Apply the updated Deployment
kubectl -n monitoring apply -f /home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml Wait rollout:
kubectl -n monitoring rollout status deployment/stats-monitor
6) Verify the token file exists in the running Pod
Get a pod name:
POD=$(kubectl -n monitoring get pods -l app=stats-monitor -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') echo $POD Check the token file path exists:
kubectl -n monitoring exec -it $POD -- ls -l /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token Optional: confirm it's mounted read-only (usually shown by mount options):
kubectl -n monitoring exec -it $POD -- mount | grep /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
✅ What the examiner checks
SA stats-monitor-sa has:
automountServiceAccountToken: false
Deployment stats-monitor mounts a projected volume named token
Token file is at:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
Mount is readOnly: true
If label selector doesn't match (-l app=stats-monitor)
Use:
kubectl -n monitoring get pods
Then set:
POD=<paste-pod-name>
NEW QUESTION # 49
SIMULATION
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context qa
Context:
A pod fails to run because of an incorrectly specified ServiceAccount
Task:
Create a new service account named backend-qa in an existing namespace qa, which must not have access to any secret.
Edit the frontend pod yaml to use backend-qa service account
Note: You can find the frontend pod yaml at /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
[desk@cli] $ k create sa backend-qa -n qa
sa/backend-qa created
[desk@cli] $ k get role,rolebinding -n qa
No resources found in qa namespace.
[desk@cli] $ k create role backend -n qa --resource pods,namespaces,configmaps --verb list
# No access to secret
[desk@cli] $ k create rolebinding backend -n qa --role backend --serviceaccount qa:backend-qa
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
serviceAccountName: backend-qa # Add this
image: nginx
name: frontend
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
pod created
[desk@cli] $ k create sa backend-qa -n qa
serviceaccount/backend-qa created
[desk@cli] $ k get role,rolebinding -n qa
No resources found in qa namespace.
[desk@cli] $ k create role backend -n qa --resource pods,namespaces,configmaps --verb list role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/backend created
[desk@cli] $ k create rolebinding backend -n qa --role backend --serviceaccount qa:backend-qa rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/backend created
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
serviceAccountName: backend-qa # Add this
image: nginx
name: frontend
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/cert_masters/frontend-pod.yaml
pod/frontend created
https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/
NEW QUESTION # 50
......
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