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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 2: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Topic 3: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic monitoring - Anesthetic protocols and equipment |
| Topic 4: Dentistry | - Oral anatomy and disease recognition - Dental prophylaxis procedures |
| Topic 5: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Topic 6: Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Topic 7: Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
| Topic 8: Laboratory Procedures | - Hematology and clinical pathology - Urinalysis and microbiology |
| Topic 9: Pharmacology | - Dosage calculations and administration - Drug classifications and uses |
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NEW QUESTION # 455
You have a horse client who routinely self-treats his horses without calling for an evaluation. He often retains leftover medications, and recently had a horse who was not training right. His gait was off, and he didn't seem to want to run at full gallop. The owner had Banamine at home from another horse. The previously prescribed horse was a Percheron, who stood 18 hands. Today's horse of concern, a warmblood, only stands 15.5 hands and is in an appropriate body condition. The owner finally calls you because the horse isn't eating much the past few days and seems lethargic. Additionally, today, he has been stretching out more in strange postures and grinding his teeth.
What do you discuss with the owner as a possible cause?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Banamine (flunixin meglumine) is a common NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory) pain medication used in large animals. However, GI side effects can occur in most species. In dogs, we tend to see vomiting and/or diarrhea and, less commonly, GI ulceration. However, in horses, ulceration can occur more commonly.
While we do not know the actual weight of the current horse, just given the size measurements and breeds mentioned, the Percheron, who was originally prescribed a specific weight-based dose vs. the current smaller warm blood, should spark concern. He was likely overdosing the horse on the NSAID, increasing the risk of ulceration.
Anorexia or decreased appetite, lack of desire to run at a gallop, and lethargy are vague signs. They could suggest a lameness or other painful musculoskeletal issue or something systemic. The abnormal posturing and stretching suggest more closely and more likely abdominal disease. The patient doesn't appear to be rolling, kicking at himself, or showing other more severe signs consistent with colic. No diarrhea is described, and often GI parasites alone won't cause the other clinical signs.
Again, we are choosing the best answer given the history provided. We must consider NSAID toxicity or overdose and GI ulcerations first because it fits. We are triaging over the phone to give the owner information. A variety of endocrine diseases could be present and can manifest in many ways, including causing GI ulceration. But the key here is recognizing that the NSAIDs may be a problem and advising the owner to discontinue them and to have the horse evaluated at the clinic or via a farm visit as soon as possible.
NEW QUESTION # 456
Which monitoring parameter best assesses ventilation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Capnography is a good monitoring tool for ventilation under anesthesia. It provides continuous information on inhaled and exhaled carbon dioxide, respiratory rate, and breathing pattern. Other indicators of ventilation used to assess anesthetized patients are respiratory rate, respiratory effort, and blood gas analysis.
Pulse oximetry indicates oxygenation, though not always reliable. For example, if the patient has pigmented mucous membranes, the reading may not be reliable. Blood pressure and pulse strength are indicators of circulation.
NEW QUESTION # 457
Which of the following is not considered medical waste?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Many materials are considered medical waste in a veterinary practice. Usually, vials and other medical devices that contain or have come in contact with animal blood can be disposed of in normal trash.
Devices contaminated with primate blood or human pathogens, or those used for chemotherapy, are considered medical waste. Any used needles or scalpel blades are considered to be medical waste and should be properly disposed of in a sharps container.
NEW QUESTION # 458
All of the following are true when considering the dehiscence of a surgical site, except:
Answer: D
Explanation:
A seroma is a collection of serum that accumulates under the incision, usually in the superficial skin layer. A seroma is non-painful but flocculent and must be differentiated from a hematoma or break in the body wall. It often occurs because animals are not sufficiently exercise-restricted. Still, it can also happen when surgery requires excessive dissection of the nearby tissue or if the tissue planes are not adequately and sufficiently opposed. Seromas can take time, but usually heal without intervention or with warm compresses +/- bandaging in some instances and depending on the type of surgery/location of the abnormality.
Unlike a seroma, however, an incisional dehiscence is a more major complication that warrants intervention.
Dehiscence refers to the breakdown of all surgical incisional layers (or surgically repaired wounds). It is an uncommon but potential complication of any wound repair or surgical incision. Further, it can increase the risk of developing evisceration (for abdominal surgeries) and/or sepsis. Dehiscence can result for various reasons, including:
*Separation of surgical incisional layers due to excess licking by the patient, often due to owners who fail to put the e-collar on when advised and when not with the patient. Proper education is required. No owner can watch their pet 100% of the time, and just because they do not lick in our presence doesn't mean they will not when unattended.
*Separation of surgical incisional layers due to excess activity by the patient. Failing to restrict exercise as directed by the veterinarian can lead to stretching and pulling on the incision, leading to breakdown and increasing the risk of dehiscence and other complications.
*Suture breakage, improperly tied sutures and knots that slip, or poor surgical technique.
NEW QUESTION # 459
A 14-lb cat has treatment instructions to receive intravenous fluids at 20 mL/hr for 48 hours. In preparing a treatment plan estimate for the owner, what supplies should be listed in anticipation of this treatment plan?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Calculate the total volume of IV fluids anticipated to be administered: 20 mL/hr x 48 hrs = 960 mL The best fit for this patient's needs would be a 1000 mL bag of fluids.
NEW QUESTION # 460
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