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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 2: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 3: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Topic 4: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 5: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
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| Topic 6: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Topic 7: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
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| Topic 8: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
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| Topic 9: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
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質問 # 309
Nuclear scintigraphy is an imaging technique where radioisotopes are administered to a patient and images formed by a gamma camera. Which of the following does not describe a nuclear scintigraphy procedure?
正解：B
解説：
Administration of I-131 to a hyperthyroid cat is a nuclear medicine treatment and is not a diagnostic test.
The other selections are common indications for use of nuclear scintigraphy. Technetium-99m is the most commonly used radionuclide and comes in injectable, colonic, and aerosol/inhaled formulations. Thyroid, bone, and liver (primarily vasculature) are the most common tissues evaluated in veterinary medicine.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 186.
Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians 3rd Edition. Pg 17.
質問 # 310
You are prepping the surgical environment and are asked to get out hemostatic agents in anticipation of bleeding concerns intraoperatively. All of the following are examples of hemostatic agents except:
正解：D
解説：
N-butyl cyanoacrylate makes up about 98% of many common veterinary skin glue products. Skin glue is not to be used to treat bleeding concerns. It is used to close skin incisions when intradermal layers have been placed with a suture.
Bone wax combines beeswax with paraffin and isopropyl palmitate and includes a wax-softener. This is then used to stop bleeding bone. It can stop bleeding at either medullary bone (such as with a hemilaminectomy) or cut bone. It doesn't become absorbed over time.
Gelatin foam (Gelfoam) does get absorbed in time. It often comes in a mold that can be cut or torn to provide the shape you need for the bleeding area. It provides a framework for clot formation initiation.
Surgicel or oxidized cellulose comes as a sheet that can be cut to size. It is used on organ surfaces, but once bleeding has been controlled, and before closure, it should be removed.
質問 # 311
When storing a urine sample to be sent to the lab, which of the following is not critical?
正解：A
解説：
While it is important to note the pet's current diet, as it can affect properties in the urine, it isn't key to urinalysis evaluation unless the sample is specifically post-prandial, but then just the time is important, exactly what it ate is not critical to evaluation.
Factors that are critical include:
1. No exposure to light
2. Proper storage - refrigerate if not being used immediately and return to room temperature before evaluating
3. Store a maximum of 24 hours
4. Ensure leak-proof containers and non-breakable containers with tight lids to prevent spillage
5. Note the time of urine collection: this includes first-urine of the morning, post-prandial sample (3-6 hours post may be more reflective of diet, while immediately after eating, the urine is usually more acidic)
6. Note if the urine timing was random vs. timed, or singular vs. serial
7. Ensure proper tube labeling with patient's name, unique identifier, and if being sent to an outside lab, clinic information
質問 # 312
A 10-month-old MI Bernadoodle presents to the emergency room 45 minutes after ingesting 20 ounces of milk chocolate. The dog weighs 25 kg. You plug it into the VIN chocolate calculator, which tells you that this pet is at high risk for clinical disease with the potential for seizures and tremors, not to mention GI upset and cardiac abnormalities. You recommend inducing vomiting at triage. The owner asks what drug will be used, and you discuss that apomorphine is given IV and is very safe. Animals will sometimes get very sleepy, but if they are too sedated from it, the drug is reversible. You state that the pet will also get an injection of Cerenia (anti-vomiting medication) once the pet has finished vomiting. By inducing vomiting, you explain that a large portion of the chocolate will hopefully come up, preventing absorption. Once the dog vomits and the doctor has a chance to evaluate him, she will report to you with her findings, concerns, and any recommendations, including hospitalization and monitoring, given the severity of the dose ingestion.
What drug reverses the sedative effects of apomorphine?
正解：C
解説：
Some medications have reversals, and some medications act as antidotes for toxicities. Apomorphine stimulates dopamine receptors in the area of the brain responsible for vomiting, the chemoreceptor trigger zone. In most animals, it causes CNS depression. If doses are significantly high, it can cause respiratory suppression as well. A subset of individuals may develop overstimulation, excitement, or seizures at toxic levels. Vomiting can become intractable if dosed too high. Naloxone, an opioid reversal drug, helps to reverse the respiratory and CNS effects, but will not address any cardiac changes or stop vomiting. Thus, drugs like Cerenia or ondansetron may be warranted. Care must be used when mixing this medication with other medications that have CNS depressive effects.
Yohimbine is a reversal agent for several of the alpha-2 agonists.
Flumazenil is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines. Usually, this is reserved for cases of toxicity. Reversing in epileptics could precipitate seizure activity.
Atropine, while not a true reversal in the same sense as yohimbine or flumazenil, is considered an antidote for blue-green algae, organophosphate, carbamate, and muscarinic mushrooms toxicities above and beyond its normal mechanism of action and use in bradyarrhythmias or cardiac arrest.
質問 # 313
You are asked to set up surgery and attend to a patient during prep. The patient, a cow, will be placed in lateral recumbency. You want to ensure sufficient padding is present under the point of the animal's down shoulder while pulling the distal forelimb cranially. The hindlimbs should also be properly separated and padded.
Failing to provide the padding and positioning of the patient in this way could lead to what complication(s)?
正解：D
解説：
Proper positioning of large animals, regardless of species, is paramount to ensure minimal trauma and improve the chances of a speedy recovery. Many food animals have surgeries performed in standing due to the inherent risks of having such a heavy animal (on relatively short legs) recumbent for a period of time. Pressure sores, pressure injuries, and damage can occur due to restricted blood flow and compression of nerves and vessels.
Always ensure appropriate padding between the front and hind limbs and at the point of the down shoulder. Monitor these animals closely upon recovery and ensure they can stand rapidly after waking to minimize damage and chances of problems.
Vascular compromise and nerve impingement can lead to either radial nerve paralysis or myocarditis. Though other injuries are also possible, these are the most commonly appreciated complications.
質問 # 314
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