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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics | 20% | - Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score - Fairness and Bias Detection - Explainability and Interpretability - Robustness Testing |
| Basics of AI | 8% | - Definitions and Terminology - AI Types and Techniques - Data Concepts (Training, Validation, Test Data) - Machine Learning Types (Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement) |
| Neural Networks and Deep Learning | 20% | - Overfitting and Underfitting - Model Training and Evaluation Metrics - Neural Network Architecture Basics - Testing Deep Learning Models |
| Testing AI-Based Systems | 20% | - Test Levels for AI-Based Systems - Challenges in Testing AI-Based Systems - Bias and Fairness Considerations - Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics |
| AI Test Methods and Techniques | 20% | - Black-Box Testing for AI Systems - Metamorphic Testing - Test Oracle Techniques for AI - Adversarial Testing |
| Practical Considerations | 12% | - Automation in AI Testing - Documentation and Reporting - Test Environment Setup for AI - Test Data Quality and Preparation |
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NEW QUESTION # 95
Which ONE of the below is NOT an input to an activation function in a neural network?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The activation values from the current layer are the output of the activation function and are not used as an input. The input to the activation function consists of the bias, activation values from the previous layer, and the weights assigned to the connections.
NEW QUESTION # 96
Which ONE of the following statements is MOST true about black box adversarial testing?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B . The CT-AI syllabus explains that black-box adversarial attacks involve exploring the model to determine its functionality and then building a duplicate model with similar functionality. The attacker then uses a white-box approach on the duplicate model to identify adversarial examples. Because adversarial examples are generally transferable, those examples will normally also work on the original model.
Option A describes white-box adversarial testing, where the algorithm, model settings, and parameters are known. Option C describes data poisoning , where training data is manipulated to induce incorrect future predictions or create vulnerabilities. Option D describes pairwise or broader combinatorial testing, which is used where many parameters and values make exhaustive testing impractical. Black-box adversarial testing is instead based on limited knowledge of the target model and the empirical transferability of adversarial examples. If a duplicate model cannot be built, the syllabus also notes that high-volume automated testing may be used to discover adversarial examples and observe results.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 9, Section 9.1.1 "Adversarial Attacks"; Section 9.1.2 "Data Poisoning."
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NEW QUESTION # 97
Which of the following is correct regarding the layers of a deep neural network?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Adeep neural network (DNN)is a type of artificial neural network that consists of multiple layers between the input and output layers. TheISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing (CT-AI) Syllabusoutlines the following characteristics of a DNN:
* Structure of a Deep Neural Network:
* ADNN comprises at least three types of layers:
* Input layer: Receives the input data.
* Hidden layers: Perform complex feature extraction and transformations.
* Output layer: Produces the final prediction or classification.
* Analysis of Answer Choices:
* A (Only input and output layers)# Incorrect, as a DNN must haveat least one hidden layer.
* B (At least one internal hidden layer)# Correct, as a neural network must havehidden layersto be considered deep.
* C (Minimum of five layers required)# Incorrect, asthere is no strict definitionthat requires at least five layers.
* D (Output layer is not connected to other layers)# Incorrect, asthe output layer must be connectedto the hidden layers.
Thus,Option B is the correct answer, asa deep neural network must have at least one hidden layer.
Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 6.1 (Neural Networks and Deep Neural Networks)
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 6.2 (Structure of Deep Neural Networks).
NEW QUESTION # 98
Which ONE of the following requirements for an AI based system is MOST likely to cause a challenge for testing?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is C . A requirement that an AI-based system be 100% accurate with no tolerance for failure creates a major testing challenge because many AI-based systems are probabilistic and may require accuracy tolerances rather than absolute expected outcomes. The CT-AI syllabus states that the probabilistic nature of many AI-based systems can make it necessary to specify tolerances for quality requirements such as prediction accuracy.
Option A is also challenging because natural language interfaces increase flexibility and make it difficult to document all possible interactions, but it is not as absolute as requiring perfect accuracy. Option B is a conventional performance efficiency requirement and can normally be tested using timing and resource measurements. Option D relates to autonomy and may require scenario-based testing, but it is still testable if the operational envelope and failure conditions are well specified. The decisive issue with option C is that it provides no tolerance range, no probabilistic acceptance model, and no practical allowance for statistical uncertainty. This creates both a specification problem and a test oracle problem.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 7, Section 7.1 "Specification of AI-Based Systems"; Chapter
8, Section 8.4 "Challenges Testing Probabilistic and Non-Deterministic AI-Based Systems."
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NEW QUESTION # 99
Which statement describes factors related to test data that make testing AI-based systems difficult?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Section2.2 - Data Preparationand4.1 - Challenges in Testing AI-Based Systemsdescribe difficulties in obtaining and managing large, representative datasets. AI-based systems requirerealistic, diverse, and representativedata reflecting real-world variations. The syllabus emphasizes that assembling such datasets is time-consuming, resource-intensive, and often constrained by availability, privacy, or domain complexity. Option B directly corresponds to these documented challenges.
NEW QUESTION # 100
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