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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Module 9: Database Forensics | 5% | - Log Analysis and Recovery - Database Forensics Process - Database Fundamentals |
| Topic 2: Module 8: Investigating Web-Based Attacks | 5% | - Browser Forensics - Tracking Web Attacks - Web Application Forensics |
| Topic 3: Module 1: Computer Forensics in Today's World | 5% | - Fundamentals of Computer Forensics - Cybercrimes and Legalities - Forensic Readiness and Professional Conduct |
| Topic 4: Module 2: Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 10% | - Post-Investigation Process - Investigation Process Overview - Pre-Investigation Phase - Investigation Phase |
| Topic 5: Module 6: Operating System Forensics | 15% | - Linux Forensics - Mac OS Forensics - System Artifacts Analysis - Windows Forensics |
| Topic 6: Module 7: Network Forensics | 10% | - Log Analysis - Network Traffic Analysis - Network Forensics Fundamentals - Incident Detection and Response |
| Topic 7: Module 4: Data Acquisition and Duplication | 15% | - Acquisition Best Practices - Acquisition Methods and Tools - Validation and Verification - Data Acquisition Fundamentals |
| Topic 8: Module 5: Defeating Anti-Forensic Techniques | 10% | - Anti-Forensics Overview - Steganography Detection - Data Deletion and Encryption - Artifact Wiping and Countermeasures |
| Topic 9: Module 11: Malware Forensics | 5% | - Malware Detection and Removal - Static and Dynamic Analysis - Malware Analysis Fundamentals |
| Topic 10: Module 3: Understanding Hard Disks and File Systems | 15% | - File System Analysis - File Systems (FAT, NTFS, ext2/3/4) - Hard Disk Drive Basics - Disk Partitions and Boot Process |
| Topic 11: Module 10: Cloud Forensics | 5% | - Cloud Computing Fundamentals - Cloud Forensics Challenges - Cloud Evidence Collection |
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NEW QUESTION # 15
In which of the following malware distribution techniques does the attacker use tactics such as keyword stuffing, doorway pages, page swapping, and adding unrelated keywords to improve the search-engine ranking of their malware pages?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The technique described-keyword stuffing, doorway pages, page swapping, and inserting unrelated high- traffic keywords-matchesblack-hat search-engine optimization (SEO), often calledSEO poisoningin digital forensics and threat intelligence materials. In this distribution method, attackers manipulate search engine ranking algorithms so that malicious or malware-hosting pages appear near the top of search results for popular queries (breaking news, software downloads, trending events, adult content, etc.). Doorway pages are created to rank well for specific terms and then funnel victims to malicious landing pages. Page swapping (or
"bait-and-switch") occurs when a page is optimized and indexed as benign content, but later replaced or dynamically served as malicious content once it has gained ranking and trust signals. Keyword stuffing and unrelated keyword injection further exploit ranking heuristics by artificially increasing perceived relevance.
From a forensic perspective, black-hat SEO campaigns often leave artifacts such as compromised websites with injected spam links, abnormal redirect chains, cloaking behavior (different content for crawlers vs.
users), and malicious scripts or exploit kit references. The other options do not primarily rely on search ranking manipulation: drive-by downloads are about silent exploitation on visit, spearphishing relies on targeted messaging, and clickjacking tricks users into unintended clicks. Hence,Black-hat search-engine optimization (C)is correct.
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which of the following tools can be used by an investigator to analyze the metadata of files in a Windows- based system?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Bulk Extractoris a digital forensics utility specifically designed to scan storage media (or forensic disk images) and automatically extractstructured artifacts and metadata-like featureswithout relying strictly on file system parsing. In Windows investigations, it is commonly used to identify and pull out items such as email addresses, URLs, domain names, credit card patterns, timestamps, GPS coordinates, and other feature records that can be treated as metadata indicators during triage and deep analysis. Because it works by scanning raw data blocks and producing feature reports, it can recover useful information even when files are deleted, partially corrupted, or when file system structures are damaged-conditions frequently encountered in forensic cases. Investigators use its outputs to correlate user activity, locate sensitive data exposure, and identify evidence-rich regions for further examination with file-level tools.
The other options do not match the requirement of analyzing file metadata broadly.Tor browseris an anonymity-focused web browser, not a forensic metadata analyzer.IECachesViewis a niche utility for viewing Internet Explorer cache/history artifacts rather than general file metadata analysis.Paraben P2 Commandertargets peer-to-peer investigations and related artifacts, not general metadata extraction across files. Therefore, the correct tool for analyzing metadata-like artifacts on a Windows-based system isBulk Extractor (A).
NEW QUESTION # 17
Alice and John are close college friends. Alice frequently sends emails to John attaching her pics with friends.
One day, Alice sent an email to John describing all the details related to the final year project without specifying the actual purpose. John missed the message as he frequently receives emails from her and did not arrive for a project seminar.
Which of the following email fields could Alice have used in the above scenario to highlight the importance of the email?
Answer: C
Explanation:
TheSubjectfield is the primary email header element used to communicate thepurpose and urgencyof a message at a glance. Digital forensics training emphasizes that email messages consist ofheaders(routing and descriptive metadata) and abody(content). Among user-visible header fields, the Subject line is specifically intended to summarize what the email is about, helping recipients prioritize and correctly interpret the message without opening it. In the scenario, John routinely receives casual emails from Alice (often with pictures). When Alice sent a project-related email "without specifying the actual purpose," John treated it like routine mail and overlooked its significance. A clear, descriptive subject such as "Final Year Project Seminar
- Attendance Required" would have flagged the message as time-sensitive and different from her usual emails, reducing the chance it would be missed.
The other options do not serve this purpose.Dateis automatically assigned and mainly supports ordering and timeline reconstruction rather than highlighting importance.CcandBcccontrol who receives copies and can affect visibility or secrecy, but they do not summarize intent for the recipient. Therefore, the field best suited to highlight importance isSubject (A).
NEW QUESTION # 18
Jack, a forensic investigator, was appointed by an organization to perform a security audit on a Linux system.
In this process, Jack collected information about the present status of the system and listed all the applications running on various ports to detect malicious programs.
Which of the following commands can help Jack determine any programs/processes associated with open ports?
Answer: C
Explanation:
On Linux, a key step in a forensic triage or security audit is mappingopen/listening portsto theowning processso investigators can identify suspicious services (backdoors, unauthorized daemons, rogue remote- access tools) and correlate them with binaries, users, startup mechanisms, and timestamps. The command netstat -tulpnis designed for exactly this purpose. In this switch set:-tlimits output to TCP sockets,-uincludes UDP sockets,-lshows only listening sockets (open ports awaiting connections),-pdisplays the owningprocess name and PID, and-nprevents name resolution by showing numeric IP addresses and ports (faster and avoids altering evidence via DNS queries). This combination yields a concise list of active listening ports and the processes bound to them, which is highly valuable for detecting unexpected services and attributing network exposure to a specific executable.
The other options do not provide process-to-port attribution:netstat -ishows interface statistics,ip rshows the routing table, andnetstat -rndisplays the routing table in numeric form. Therefore, the correct command is netstat -tulpn(D).
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following measures is defined as the time to move read or write disc heads from one point to another on the disk?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Seek timeis the specific performance measure that describes how long a hard disk drive's actuator takes tomove the read/write heads across the plattersfrom the current track (cylinder) to the target track where the requested data resides. In traditional magnetic HDDs, the heads must be physically repositioned before any sector can be read or written, making seek time a core component of mechanical latency.
Digital forensics materials emphasize understanding this distinction because HDD mechanical behavior affectsacquisition duration, the feasibility of repeated scans, and why imaging or carving operations can take longer on fragmented media. It also helps explain why solid-state drives (SSDs), which have no moving heads, do not have seek time in the same sense and therefore behave differently during large-scale reads.
The other choices are broader or unrelated:access timetypically refers to thetotal time to retrieve data, commonly combiningseek time + rotational latency + transfer time.Delay timeis not the standard term for head movement in disk performance definitions.Mean timeis incomplete as written and is usually part of reliability metrics like mean time between failures, not head positioning. Therefore, the correct measure for head movement time isSeek time (C).
NEW QUESTION # 20
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