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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Physician Roles (CanMEDS Framework) | - Medical Expert
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NEW QUESTION # 58
On screening for dyslipidemia, a 45-year-old man is found to have a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. Which one of the following recommendations is the most appropriate?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Low HDL is best managed with lifestyle changes such as increased aerobic physical activity, smoking cessation, and weight loss. Vigorous exercise has the strongest evidence for raising HDL levels.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Cardiology, Dyslipidemia:
"Increasing physical activity is among the most effective ways to raise HDL cholesterol. There is no consistent benefit to supplements such as garlic, nor does reducing salt or caffeine meaningfully raise HDL." MCCQE1 Objectives - Population Health > Cardiovascular Risk Management:
"Candidates should recommend evidence-based lifestyle interventions such as exercise to improve lipid profiles, particularly to increase HDL." Alcohol cessation (C) is generally beneficial for overall health but may actually lower HDL slightly. Garlic (D) and caffeine (E) are not evidence-based interventions for dyslipidemia.
NEW QUESTION # 59
A 10-year-old girl is brought to the Emergency Department by her mother because her daughter is crying and says she "can't pee." Her daughter fell on the monkey bars at school earlier that day. On examination, there is a large vulvar bruise anteriorly. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: E
Explanation:
In pediatric trauma, inability to void with perineal bruising raises concern for urethral injury or urinary retention due to soft tissue swelling. The most immediate step is to attempt bladder catheterization. If unsuccessful, consult gynecology or urology urgently to avoid bladder overdistension.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Pediatrics, Genitourinary Trauma:
"In females, perineal trauma can lead to urinary retention due to labial hematomas or urethral injury. If catheterization is difficult, consult gynecology or urology for assistance." MCCQE1 Objectives - Pediatrics > Trauma and Emergency Care:
"Candidates must recognize when specialist consultation is required in pediatric genitourinary trauma, especially in cases of failed catheterization." Options B and D delay necessary care. Coagulation studies (C) may be considered if bleeding is unexplained.
Abuse assessment (E) may be necessary later but does not address immediate retention.
NEW QUESTION # 60
A 45-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after being involved in a motor vehicle collision.
She reports severe right hip pain. On examination, the right hip is flexed and adducted. A radiograph shows a posterior dislocation. Which one of the following is the most appropriate management?
Answer: D
Explanation:
A posterior hip dislocation is an orthopedic emergency . The classic position is a shortened limb held in flexion, adduction, and internal rotation after high-energy trauma. MCCQE objectives emphasize immediate recognition and urgent management to prevent complications, especially avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head and sciatic nerve injury . The key treatment is prompt closed reduction (ideally within hours) under procedural sedation or anesthesia, after appropriate analgesia and neurovascular assessment. Post- reduction priorities include confirming concentric reduction with imaging, repeating a neurovascular exam (particularly sciatic nerve function), and evaluating for associated fractures (acetabular or femoral head/neck) that may require CT and possible operative management.
Open reduction is reserved for irreducible dislocations, incarcerated fragments, or associated fractures preventing stable closed reduction. Skeletal traction is not definitive acute management. Total hip arthroplasty is not indicated as first-line in an acute traumatic dislocation in this context. Urgent closed reduction best aligns with time-sensitive limb- and joint-preserving care.
NEW QUESTION # 61
A 50-year-old man with prostate cancer, which is complicated by bony and cerebral metastases, presents to your office. He has a 24-hour history of increasing lower back pain and weakness in his legs. On examination, you note decreased knee and ankle reflexes on both sides. Earlier today he had fecal incontinence. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: D
Explanation:
This patient with known metastatic prostate cancer presents with acute back pain, bilateral lower limb weakness, decreased reflexes, and new fecal incontinence-classic red flags for malignant spinal cord compression . MCCQE objectives emphasize that this is an oncologic emergency requiring immediate intervention to prevent irreversible neurologic damage.
The first step is prompt administration of high-dose parenteral corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone) to reduce vasogenic edema around the spinal cord and preserve neurologic function. Steroids should be given immediately upon suspicion, even before confirmatory imaging. Urgent MRI of the spine and consultation with oncology, radiation oncology, and/or neurosurgery follow for definitive management (radiotherapy or surgical decompression depending on stability and prognosis).
Bed rest and analgesia alone are inadequate. A stellate ganglion block is unrelated. Although radiotherapy or surgery will likely be required, steroids must be administered first without delay. Early treatment significantly improves the likelihood of maintaining ambulation and continence.
NEW QUESTION # 62
A 46-year-old woman with a palpable breast lump underwent diagnostic mammography that revealed a suspicious mass in her right breast. The radiologist recommended a breast biopsy. The referring physician did not see the mammogram report or the recommendation for biopsy. One year later, invasive breast cancer is diagnosed in the patient. Which one of the following is most likely to prevent this issue from happening again?
Answer: B
Explanation:
This case represents a failure of follow-up of a critical test result , a common systems error in ambulatory care. MCCQE ELOM objectives emphasize physician responsibility for ensuring that ordered investigations are reviewed, communicated, and acted upon appropriately. The most effective prevention strategy is implementing a system-level tracking process for all investigative reports, ensuring that results are received, reviewed, documented, and followed up-especially abnormal findings requiring urgent action.
Relying on ad hoc communication (e.g., radiologists phoning every result) is impractical and not sustainable.
Booking routine return appointments does not guarantee abnormal results are addressed in a timely manner.
Informing patients only if abnormal findings exist is insufficient, as missed reports may still go unnoticed.
Asking patients to retrieve their own results shifts professional responsibility inappropriately.
A structured tracking system (e.g., electronic alerts, mandatory acknowledgment of results, reconciliation logs) reduces missed diagnoses and enhances patient safety. This systems-based approach aligns with quality improvement principles and shared accountability in healthcare delivery.
NEW QUESTION # 63
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