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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Key Management - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Stream Ciphers - Initialization Vectors (IV) |
| Applied Cryptography | - VPN Security - SSL/TLS Protocols - PGP and Email Encryption - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - RSA Algorithm |
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NEW QUESTION # 94
(Which component is used to verify the integrity of a message?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code) is a standard mechanism used to verify both integrity and authenticity of a message when two parties share a secret key. It combines a cryptographic hash function (such as SHA-256) with a secret key in a structured way that resists common attacks on naive keyed-hash constructions. The sender computes an HMAC tag over the message and transmits the message plus tag. The receiver recomputes the HMAC using the same shared secret key and compares the result; if the tag matches, the receiver can be confident the message was not modified in transit and that it came from someone who knows the shared key. AES is an encryption algorithm primarily providing confidentiality; it can provide integrity only when used in authenticated modes (e.g., GCM) but "AES" alone is not the integrity component.
An IV helps randomize encryption but does not validate integrity. TKIP is a legacy WLAN protocol component, not the general integrity verifier. Therefore, the correct component for verifying message integrity among the options is HMAC.
NEW QUESTION # 95
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 112-bit key size and a 64-bit block size?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) is a symmetric block cipher that retains DES's 64-bit block size while increasing effective security by applying DES multiple times. The common "two-key 3DES" variant uses two independent 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence: Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, then Encrypt again with K1. Because each DES key is 56 bits (ignoring parity bits), the total keying material is 112 bits. This matches the question's "112-bit key size and 64-bit block size." Plain DES uses only a 56-bit effective key and a 64-bit block size, so it does not match the 112-bit key size. AES has a 128-bit block size and key sizes of 128/192/256. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size but has a 128-bit key.
Therefore, the correct algorithm is 3DES. Although 3DES improved on DES, it is now considered legacy due to its small 64-bit block size (birthday-bound issues for large data volumes) and performance overhead compared to AES.
NEW QUESTION # 96
(What describes how Counter (CTR) mode encryption functions?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
CTR mode turns a block cipher (like AES) into a stream-like construction by generating a keystream from successive encryptions of a changing input block. Specifically, CTR forms input blocks using a nonce (unique per message) combined with an increasing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key, producing a pseudorandom output block. That output is then XORed with plaintext to yield ciphertext (and XORed with ciphertext to recover plaintext). This design enables parallelization (blocks can be generated independently), efficient random access decryption, and avoids chaining dependencies seen in modes like CBC. Option B describes CFB-like behavior; option C describes ECB; option D describes CBC. CTR's security critically depends on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because reuse would repeat keystream blocks and expose plaintext relationships.
Therefore, the correct description is that CTR converts the block cipher into a stream cipher using a counter value and a nonce.
NEW QUESTION # 97
(Which encryption algorithm uses an 80-bit key and operates on 64-bit data blocks?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher historically associated with the Clipper chip initiative. Its defining parameters match the question: it operates on 64-bit blocks and uses an 80-bit key. The other options do not fit those exact sizes. Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes up to 256 bits. Blowfish is a
64-bit block cipher, but its key size is variable from 32 up to 448 bits and is not fixed at 80 bits as a defining property. Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Skipjack's smaller key size and legacy design make it unsuitable for modern security needs, but the question is purely about identifying the algorithm that matches an 80-bit key and 64-bit blocks. Therefore, the correct answer is Skipjack.
NEW QUESTION # 98
(How does Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode encryption function?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
ECB is the simplest block cipher mode: each plaintext block is encrypted independently using the same key and the block cipher primitive. There is no IV and no chaining, so identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks. This property leaks patterns and structure in the plaintext, which is why ECB is generally considered insecure for most real-world data beyond tiny, random-looking inputs. For example, images encrypted with ECB often reveal outlines because repeated pixel blocks map to repeated ciphertext blocks. Option A describes CTR mode, option C describes CBC mode, and option B resembles feedback-based modes. ECB's independence also means it can be parallelized, but the pattern leakage is a severe weakness. Modern practice prefers authenticated encryption modes (like GCM) or, at minimum, modes with IVs and chaining (like CBC with proper padding and MAC).
Therefore, the correct statement is that ECB encrypts each block with the same key and each block is independent of the others.
NEW QUESTION # 99
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