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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Topic 2: Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Topic 3: Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Topic 4: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Topic 5: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Topic 6: Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Topic 7: Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 8: Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
| Topic 9: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
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NEW QUESTION # 391
Quality assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) combine with equipment calibration to ensure that test results remain reliable and diagnostic. Which of the following does not describe a QC practice?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Quality assurance (QA) involves minimizing errors in all stages of sample testing, from pre-analytic to analytic to post-analytic phases.
A quality control (QC) program helps detect problems before a test result is reported. Quality control (QC) refers to techniques that test the instrumentation, the ability of personnel to perform tests, and the actual diagnostic test kits. The goal of this testing is to maintain result reliability.
It is a technician's job to recognize when laboratory systems are malfunctioning and know what measures to take to correct the issue. Improper storage and handling of reagents or using expired reagents, for example, can affect quality control.
For maintaining proper QC, technicians need to:
*Always maintain detailed maintenance records of all equipment
*Ensure a standard operating procedure (SOP) for each piece of equipment used for laboratory testing
*Date any reagents, calibrators, and controls when reconstituted and first opened. Ensure they are appropriately stored according to the manufacturer's specifications.
*Discard items safely on the expiration dates. They are not sell-by-dates; they are actual expiration dates. Using them after that time could negatively affect test results.
Quality controls may be internal: those built into the diagnostic kits or machines; or they may be external: performed by veterinary personnel outside the unit or kit. These external controls are commercially prepared and test all stages of the procedure for that specific test. Examples include hematology control fluids for machines and urine control fluids for dipstick analysis.
NEW QUESTION # 392
A 5-kg cat will be discharged with a three-day supply of transmucosal buprenorphine, 20 mcg/kg q12h. The vials are 0.3 mg/mL. What is the total volume that will be dispensed to record in the controlled substance log?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Calculate one dose: 5 kg x 20 mcg/kg = 100 mcg/dose
Convert units per dose: 1 mcg = 0.001 mg; multiply each side by 100 to get: 100 mcg = 0.1 mg Convert mg to mL per dose: 0.1 mg / (0.3 mg/mL) = 0.33 mL/dose Calculate total number of doses: 0.33 mL/dose x (2 doses/day) x (3 days) = 2 mL
NEW QUESTION # 393
Fasting would not occur prior to which of the following surgical procedures?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a surgical emergency and does not allow for fasting time. GDV occurs when the stomach dilates and rotates, leading to distributive shock and poor perfusion to the stomach.
The correction of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament, a castration, and an ovariohysterectomy are elective surgeries where fasting is feasible.
NEW QUESTION # 394
The veterinarian asks you to perform a heat precipitation test. She has a patient with whom she is concerned about inflammation. What are you measuring when performing this test?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The most abundant coagulation factor in the body is fibrinogen. Produced by the liver, levels decrease with a failing liver and genetic factors and during clot formation (consumption). However, the production of the factor increases in the face of inflammation. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations are measured using heat precipitation. This concentration acts as a marker of inflammation for species such as cattle and horses when elevated. It is simple to perform.
*Fill two hematocrit tubes between 2/3 and 3/4 of the way full with anticoagulated (via EDTA) blood
*Centrifuge both tubes as you would for a PCV
*Break one of the tubes slightly above the buffy coat
*Use one of the unbroken ends to fill a hemocytometer prism
*A hemocytometer allows for manual cell counts
*Read the total protein (TP) line (g/dL) by using the scales for plasma protein concentrations
*Next, heat the second tube in a water bath at 56.C (132.8▫F) for three minutes. This precipitates the fibrinogen.
*Re-spin the heated tube. This causes the precipitated fibrinogen to settle right above the buffy coat.
*Then, break the tube above the buffy coat, and determine the TP in g/dL
*Calculate the concentration of fibrinogen using the following formula:
(TP unheated tube - TP heated tube) x 100 = mg/dL fibrinogen concentration Additional means to test for fibrinogen include immunological methods and tests for fibrin clot formation. Note that the heat precipitation test is not very accurate when performed in the face of low fibrinogen levels. But since we are evaluating for an elevation in the face of presumptive inflammation, it is considered a valid easy test.
Plasma protein concentrations are evaluated simply via a refractometer.
PT/PTT measures coagulation factors, not inflammation, and special analyzers are needed to run these tests.
C-Reactive protein is produced by the liver and is another indicator of inflammation, but this is a calculated value and not evaluated by the heat precipitation test.
NEW QUESTION # 395
You are triaging a patient who was recently in a dog fight but appears stable. The wound is not actively bleeding, but the dog is still in the car. You have concerns that the dog is in pain and know that you will need to restrain him to obtain vitals and have the veterinarian evaluate him. The dog was bitten on a hind leg, and the head is right by the door. The dog is not lunging or biting and is licking your hand and wagging his tail like crazy when you go to his head. However, you want to ensure you get him safely out of the car without causing harm to you, your staff, the owner, the dog, or the veterinarian who will evaluate him when moving him to the stretcher.
Which of the following is the least acceptable option for an otherwise friendly dog?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The best option for a dog who is in pain, but who is friendly and allows gentle petting of the head, would be to fit an e-collar on the pet. While technically not a restraint device, it does provide a barrier between you and the body part causing pain. Additionally, some dogs resent having their snout closed or anything on their muzzle, even basket muzzles, which still allow panting. The e-collar will be necessary for wound licking prevention post-treatment and evaluation, and can provide safety with minimal restraint. Recall that the question clearly states the dog is friendly, and he is giving you kisses. A muzzle is potentially overkill and may stress the patient out. However, some dogs do not readily accept an e-collar, so a muzzle may be needed. It is never wrong for the technician to place a muzzle if safely placed.
Ideally, we do not recommend that the owners place muzzles, as that creates a liability for the practice if the pet parent were to get hurt putting the muzzle in place. However, some dogs will not allow staff to put on a muzzle, but are trained or readily accept them when placed by an owner.
Muzzles are not without risk. Basket muzzles allow a pet to pant and open their mouth slightly, and are ideal for brachycephalic facial structures, those with craniofacial injury, or those with tachypnea that need to open-mouth breathe. Basket muzzles are ideal for many different breeds, as they permit panting and allow treat administration.
Thus, the correct answer, in other words, what you would not want to do, would be to loop the leash through the choke chain. Not only are choke chains not restraint devices, but veterinarians do not recommend their use in general. Choke chains are theoretically used to correct unwanted behavior. However, they can pinch the skin, cause harm, and do not provide any protection from sharp teeth.
NEW QUESTION # 396
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