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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Liability Insurance | - Commercial and general liability concepts |
| Topic 2: Specialized Insurance Lines | - Crime and bonds - Automobile insurance - Contractors insurance - Manufacturers, distributors, freight forwarders - Builders risk insurance |
| Topic 3: Risk Management | - Analyzing risk exposures - Insurance in a risk management plan - Monitoring and modifying risk management plans - Selecting risk techniques |
| Topic 4: Property Insurance Coverages | - Property coverages fundamentals |
弊社のC131問題集のメリットはいろいろな面で記述できます。価格はちょっと高いですが、C131試験に最も有効な参考書です。C131問題集は便利で、どこでもいつでも勉強できます。また、時間を節約でき、短い時間で勉強したら、C131試験に参加できます。
質問 # 57
What type of liability policy would cover a product liability exposure arising from an error in the manufacturing design of a product?
正解:D
解説:
The correct answer is C. Commercial general liability (CGL) . A manufacturing design error that results in a defective product creates a products liability exposure. Under a commercial general liability policy, products-completed operations coverage is designed to respond to third-party bodily injury or property damage arising out of the insured's products after they have left the insured's possession. If a product is defectively designed, manufactured, labelled, or distributed and that defect causes injury or damage, the manufacturer may face legal liability. Garage liability is intended for automobile garage operations and is not the proper policy for general manufacturing product defects. Architect's liability applies to professional design services in architecture, not manufacturing design of ordinary commercial products. Directors and officers liability protects corporate managers against governance-related claims, not bodily injury or property damage from defective products. The key issue is that the exposure arises from the insured's product entering the stream of commerce and causing harm. CGL products liability is therefore the correct coverage foundation, though specialized product recall or errors coverage may also be needed depending on the risk.
Course topic reference: Liability; Manufacturers, Distributors, and Freight Forwarders; Products Liability; CGL Products-Completed Operations .
質問 # 58
An insured has a commercial property policy with a $50,000 deductible and a policy limit of $100,000. If the insured suffers a loss of $50,000, how much will the insurer pay?
正解:B
解説:
The correct answer is A. $0 . A deductible is the portion of a covered loss that the insured must bear before the insurer pays. In this question, the deductible is $50,000 and the loss is also $50,000. Because the loss does not exceed the deductible, the insurer has no payment to make. The policy limit of $100,000 is the maximum amount the insurer may pay for a covered loss, but the limit does not eliminate the deductible. The insurer only pays covered amounts above the deductible, up to the applicable policy limit, subject to all policy terms.
For example, if the covered loss were $80,000 and the deductible were $50,000, the insurer would generally pay $30,000. But where the loss equals the deductible, the insured absorbs the entire loss. Option B has no basis in the deductible calculation. Option C ignores the deductible. Option D confuses the policy limit with the claim payment. Brokers must explain deductibles clearly because clients often misunderstand the relationship between the deductible, the loss amount, and the policy limit. Course topic reference: The Insurance Portion of a Risk Management Plan; Deductibles; Property Insurance Limits; Claim Payment Calculation .
質問 # 59
How is the premium for a garage policy computed on a monthly average basis?
正解:C
解説:
The correct answer is A. Provides an adjustment at year end after charging a 100 percent advance premium . A garage policy may use a rating method that reflects the insured's fluctuating exposure throughout the policy term. Under a monthly average basis, the insurer charges an advance premium at policy inception and later adjusts the premium according to the actual exposure reported or calculated for the policy period. This method is useful for garage risks because the number of vehicles, inventory, dealer plates, or operational exposure may change during the year. The key point is that the insured pays an advance premium first, and the final earned premium is determined after the insurer reviews the exposure information. If the final premium is higher, the insured may owe additional premium; if lower, a return premium may apply subject to policy terms. Option B is incorrect because the monthly average method is not simply a quarterly reporting arrangement. Option C is wrong because it refers to a partial advance premium of 75%, not the stated method. Option D is reversed, because if the adjusted premium is greater, the insured owes more.
Course topic reference: Automobile, Crime, and Bonds; Garage Policies; Premium Rating; Monthly Average Basis .
質問 # 60
A company that owns several large coal mines is sent a letter of notification from its insurer, stating that policy coverage will be more restrictive going forward, particularly regarding pollution. Why would the coverage become more restrictive?
正解:C
解説:
The correct answer is A. Changes in the law . Coal mining creates significant environmental and pollution exposures, including contamination, runoff, tailings, emissions, remediation obligations, and regulatory compliance issues. If laws change, insurers may respond by restricting coverage because the legal cost of pollution events can increase sharply. New legislation may expand liability, impose stricter cleanup standards, increase penalties, require broader remediation, or make insureds responsible for environmental damage that was previously less regulated. Insurers must modify policy terms when external conditions change the nature or cost of the risk. This can lead to pollution exclusions, sublimits, higher deductibles, stricter reporting conditions, or separate environmental impairment liability requirements. Insurer competition would more likely broaden terms in a soft market, not restrict pollution coverage. A decrease in remediation expenses would reduce concern, not increase restrictions. Mandatory arbitration is not the central reason for pollution coverage changes. The key trigger is that legal and regulatory changes can materially increase the insurer's exposure. Course topic reference: Monitoring and Modifying the Risk Management Plan; Environmental Risk; Pollution Exclusions; Legal and Regulatory Change .
質問 # 61
A real estate investment trust is a long-term client of Best Brokerage. The REIT intends to tear down one unused warehouse and build an apartment in its place. The risk manager requests insurance coverage for the project, wants to avoid a significant increase in premium, and does not want to include cost overruns.
a) Briefly discuss how the limits of insurance of this project will be determined, and what type of costs are included in the limit.
b) Should the risk manager exclude cost overruns from the limit of insurance? Explain your answer.
正解:
解説:
see the Explanation for Detailed Solution.
Explanation:
The insurance limit should be based on the full completed value of the apartment project, not the value of the old warehouse being demolished. Builders risk insurance must reflect the amount required to repair, replace, or complete the project if an insured loss occurs during construction. The limit should include hard construction costs such as demolition, site preparation, labour, materials, foundations, structural work, mechanical systems, electrical systems, plumbing, roofing, and finishing. It should also consider soft costs where applicable, including architectural fees, engineering fees, permits, legal fees, financing costs, inspection costs, and other professional or project-related expenses. Debris removal, temporary works, escalation, and delay-related costs may also need consideration depending on wording.
The risk manager should not exclude cost overruns simply to reduce premium. That is false economy.
Construction projects often exceed original budgets because of material inflation, labour shortages, design changes, delays, supply problems, or unexpected site conditions. If cost overruns are excluded from the insured limit, the REIT may face underinsurance after a serious loss and may have to fund the shortfall itself.
The broker should recommend a realistic limit that includes an allowance for escalation or cost overruns.
Course topic reference: Builders Risk; Property Coverages; Project Limits; Soft Costs; Cost Overruns; Construction Insurance .
質問 # 62
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