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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| Topic 2: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| Topic 3: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Topic 4: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Cilium CLI and Configuration - Installation and Connectivity Testing |
| Topic 5: Architecture | 20% | - IP Address Management and Datapath Models - Cilium Architecture and Components |
| Topic 6: Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
| Topic 7: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Topic 8: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
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NEW QUESTION # 22
What are the differences between Ingress and Gateway API?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Ingress provides a comparatively simple API for exposing HTTP and HTTPS applications through host- and path-based routing. Gateway API is a broader, extensible family of resources that separates infrastructure configuration from application routing. Resources such as GatewayClass , Gateway , HTTPRoute , GRPCRoute , TLSRoute , TCPRoute , and UDPRoute model listeners, routes, protocols, ownership, and attachment relationships explicitly.
Gateway API was designed around operational roles. An infrastructure provider can manage the GatewayClass , a cluster operator can provision a Gateway , and an application team can own a route attached to that Gateway. This offers clearer delegation than the single Ingress resource and supports protocols and traffic-management functions beyond the original Ingress model.
The two APIs are not simply different names for identical functionality, so A is false. Option C is also inaccurate because Cilium's implementations of both Ingress and Gateway API integrate with its eBPF datapath and Envoy; Ingress is not inherently an iptables-only implementation. Option D incorrectly limits Gateway API to internal routing. It can expose internet-facing applications through generated LoadBalancer or NodePort Services or through host-network listeners.
Official references
Migrating from Ingress to Gateway ; Gateway API Support .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 23
When using Cilium with the kube-proxy replacement enabled, which underlying technology is effectively replaced with eBPF?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Kubernetes kube-proxy conventionally implements Service translation and load balancing through either iptables or IPVS. With Cilium's kube-proxy replacement enabled, eBPF programs and maps perform Kubernetes Service handling directly in the kernel, including ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalIP, and related service translation functions. C is therefore correct.
The replacement can operate at socket hooks and packet-processing hooks. Service and backend information is stored in eBPF maps, allowing the datapath to select backends and perform address translation without traversing the kube-proxy-generated iptables or IPVS rules normally used for Kubernetes Services.
BGP is not replaced. Cilium's BGP Control Plane is a separate feature used to advertise routes and service addresses to external routers. Routing itself is also not eliminated; Cilium can implement and accelerate routing decisions with eBPF, but packets still require a valid forwarding model. firewalld is a host firewall- management service and is not the underlying Kubernetes Service implementation replaced by kube-proxy replacement.
Relevant installations must satisfy the kernel and device requirements for Cilium's eBPF service load- balancer functionality.
Official references
Kubernetes Without kube-proxy
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF service maps, iptables, and IPVS.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which affirmation is true about eBPF host-routing?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
C accurately describes eBPF host-routing. In a conventional datapath, packets may traverse substantial portions of the host networking stack and its iptables hooks even when Cilium performs routing decisions with eBPF. eBPF host-routing takes a more direct datapath, bypassing iptables and the upper host stack while providing a faster transition between the host and pod network namespaces. This reduces processing and context-switching overhead and can improve throughput and latency.
Option A describes load-balancing behavior rather than host routing. Backend distribution is implemented through Cilium's service load-balancer maps and algorithms. Host routing can improve the path used by resulting packets, but it does not itself guarantee even backend selection.
Option B is the description of BIG TCP. BIG TCP increases the size of internal GSO and GRO packets to reduce stack traversal. Although BIG TCP requires eBPF host-routing in supported Cilium configurations, the two are distinct features.
Option D is overly specific and does not define the feature. Host routing optimizes compatible pod traffic generally, subject to kernel, kube-proxy-replacement, masquerading, netfilter, encryption, and integration constraints.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Host-Routing
Study Guide topic: eBPF host-routing, host-stack bypass, veth traversal, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is correct about the Kubernetes Host Scope IP Address Management (IPAM) mode?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Kubernetes host-scope IPAM can be used with both Cilium tunnel routing and native direct routing. The IPAM mechanism determines how each node receives and locally allocates pod addresses; it does not inherently require a particular packet-forwarding model. The current IPAM feature matrix explicitly marks both tunnel routing and direct routing as supported for Kubernetes host-scope mode.
In this mode, Kubernetes allocates a PodCIDR to each node and publishes it through the standard v1.Node resource, normally in spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for the relevant range and allocates individual pod addresses from that node-specific CIDR. The correct configuration is ipam:
kubernetes or the Helm equivalent ipam.mode=kubernetes , not ipam: crd ; therefore, C is false.
The documented feature matrix does not provide multiple CIDRs per cluster or multiple CIDRs per node for this mode, eliminating A and B. Multi-pool IPAM is the Cilium mode designed for allocating per-node CIDRs from multiple configurable pools.
Because Kubernetes host-scope IPAM supports either overlay tunneling or direct routing while the other statements contradict its capabilities or configuration, D is correct.
Official references
IP Address Management ; Kubernetes Host Scope .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
NEW QUESTION # 27
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