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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| MPLS and VPN Technologies | - VPN Implementation
|
| Advanced Routing Protocols | - BGP Configuration and Policy Control
|
| Network Design and Troubleshooting | - Fault Diagnosis
|
| IP Network Technologies | - IS-IS Routing Protocol
|
| Network Services and Optimization | - Multicast Technologies
|
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NEW QUESTION # 26
Using the display startup command, you can view the running system software, running configuration file, startup system software, and startup configuration file, as well as the paths where these files are stored.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 27
When an IP packet passes through an MPLS network , an MPLS device processes the TTL value in the packet.
If the pipe mode is used in the topology shown in the figure , which of the following is the TTL value in the IP packet?
Options:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
1. Understanding MPLS TTL Processing
* TTL (Time to Live) is an IP field that prevents routing loops by decrementing at each hop.
* In an MPLS network, the TTL field can be processed in two modes:
* Uniform Mode (Default Mode)
* Pipe Mode (TTL is preserved in the MPLS domain)
2. TTL Processing in Pipe Mode
Pipe mode is used to prevent the MPLS backbone from affecting the TTL of an IP packet.
* When an IP packet enters the MPLS domain , the original TTL is copied into the MPLS header .
* Inside the MPLS network:
* MPLS labels use their own TTL values , and the IP TTL is not decremented .
* Each P router (transit router) decrements only the MPLS TTL , not the IP TTL .
* When the packet leaves the MPLS domain (at PE2) :
* The original IP TTL is restored but decremented by 1 as it exits to CE2.
3. Analyzing the TTL Behavior in the Given Topology
* Initial IP TTL from CE1 = 255
* At PE1:
* IP TTL remains 255 as it is copied into the MPLS label.
* MPLS TTL starts at 255 (same as IP TTL).
* At P Router:
* MPLS TTL is decremented (255 # 254) .
* IP TTL remains unchanged (255) because of Pipe mode.
* At PE2 (Egress Router):
* IP TTL is restored and decremented by 1 (255 # 254).
Thus, the correct sequence is:
# IP TTL: 255 # 255 # 254
4. Evaluating the Answer Choices
Option
TTL Values
Correct?
Reasoning
A
255 # 254 # 252
# Incorrect
IP TTL should remain 255 inside MPLS
B
254 # 253 # 252
# Incorrect
IP TTL starts at 255, not 254
C
255 # 255 # 254
# Correct
IP TTL is preserved in pipe mode inside MPLS and decremented only at egress.
D
254 # 254 # 253
# Incorrect
Initial IP TTL should be 255, not 254
# Correct answer: C. 255 # 255 # 254
Final Conclusion:
* Pipe mode ensures that the MPLS domain does not affect the IP TTL while the packet is inside the MPLS network.
* Only the egress PE (PE2) decrements the IP TTL before forwarding the packet to CE2.
* Thus, the correct TTL sequence is 255 # 255 # 254.
Reference:
HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0 - MPLS TTL Processing Huawei Official HCIP-Datacom Study Guide - Pipe Mode vs. Uniform Mode in MPLS Huawei Documentation on MPLS TTL Handling in Pipe Mode
NEW QUESTION # 28
As shown below:
IR2] ad 2000
[R2-ad-basic-2000]rule deny
[R2-ad-basic-2000]quit
#
[R2] ospf
[R2-ospf»1]area 1
[R2-ospM-area-0.0.0.1] filter 2000 import
[R2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0,1] quit
[R2-ospf-1] default-route-advertise always
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 29
On the OSPF network shown in the figure, area 1 is a stub area, area 2 is a totally stub area, and area 3 is an NSSA . Which of the following routers are unable to import external routes ?
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
To determine which routers are unable to import external routes , we need to analyze the behavior of each OSPF area type:
* Stub Area (Area 1 - Contains R6)
* Stub areas do not allow external routes (Type-5 LSAs) .
* Instead, the ABR (R2) generates a default route (0.0.0.0/0) for reachability outside the area.
* R6 is in a stub area, so it cannot import external routes. #
* Totally Stub Area (Area 2 - Contains R3, R4)
* Totally stub areas block both external routes (Type-5 LSAs) and inter-area routes (Type-3 LSAs) .
* Only a default route (0.0.0.0/0) is injected by the ABR (R2).
* R3 is in a totally stub area, so it cannot import external routes. #
* R4, however, is just inside the totally stub area but is not restricted from generating external routes itself. # (R4 can import external routes)
* NSSA (Area 3 - Contains R5)
* NSSAs allow external routes (Type-7 LSAs) but do not accept standard external routes (Type-5 LSAs) from other areas .
* R5, being in an NSSA, can import external routes but only as Type-7 LSAs. # (R5 can import external routes) Final answer: # R3, R6 (Option A, C) References:
HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0 - OSPF Stub, Totally Stub, and NSSA Areas OSPF LSA Types and External Route Restrictions
NEW QUESTION # 30
On the OSPF network shown in the figure, areas 1, 2, and 3 are common areas. The IP address of Loopback0 on R5 is 10.0.5.5/32, and OSPF is enabled on the interface using the network command.
ACL 2000 (with the matching rule shown in the figure) is configured on all routers. If the command filter
2000 import is run in area 0 (where R1, R2, and R3 reside), which of the following routers do not have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in their routing tables?
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
Understanding the OSPF Network Structure in the Question:
* OSPF Areas & Routers:
* Area 3: Contains R5 (which has loopback 10.0.5.5/32).
* Area 1: Contains R6.
* Area 2: Contains R4.
* Area 0 (Backbone Area): Contains R1, R2, and R3 (which interconnect the other areas).
* ACL 2000 Filtering Rule:
* The ACL rule 2000 explicitly denies 10.0.5.5/32 from being imported.
* The filter 2000 import command applies this filter to Area 0, preventing routes from Area 3 (including R5's loopback) from being learned by Area 0 routers (R1, R2, and R3).
Route Distribution Analysis:
* R5 (Area 3):
* R5 has 10.0.5.5/32 configured on its Loopback0.
* Since OSPF is enabled, R5 advertises the route to R6 in Area 1.
* R6 (Area 1) # R2 (Area 0, Backbone Router):
* Without filtering, R6 would normally propagate 10.0.5.5/32 to R2 (since R2 is a backbone router in Area 0).
* However, since ACL 2000 is applied in Area 0, R2 blocks this route from being imported.
* Therefore, R2 does not learn 10.0.5.5/32.
* R2 # R1 and R3 (Both in Area 0):
* R2 would typically share any learned routes with R1 and R3 in Area 0.
* But since R2 itself does not have 10.0.5.5/32, neither R1 nor R3 can receive it.
* Thus, R1 and R3 also do not have 10.0.5.5/32 in their routing tables.
* R4 (Area 2) is Unaffected:
* Since R4 is in Area 2, it is not directly impacted by the filter applied in Area 0.
* It can still receive the route via another path if redistribution is configured properly.
Final Conclusion:
* R1, R2, and R3 do not have the 10.0.5.5/32 route due to the filter 2000 import command applied in Area 0.
* R4 may still have the route since it is not affected by the filtering in Area 0.
Thus, the correct answer is:# R1, R3, R2 do not have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in their routing tables.
NEW QUESTION # 31
......
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