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| Section | Objectives |
|---|
| Topic 1: WDM and Optical Transport Technologies | - Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
- 1. CWDM vs DWDM principles
- 2. Channel spacing and grid concepts
- Optical Transport Network (OTN)
- 1. Mapping and encapsulation concepts
- 2. OTN framing and multiplexing basics
|
| Topic 2: Optical Network Architectures and Systems | - Metro and long-haul optical networks
- 1. ROADM and switching principles
- 2. Network topology concepts
- Performance and impairments
- 1. Chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects
- 2. Noise and OSNR basics
|
| Topic 3: Fundamentals of Optical Networking | - Optical fiber principles and transmission characteristics
- 1. Fiber types and structure
- 2. Attenuation and dispersion concepts
- 3. Optical signal behavior in fiber
- Optical networking components
- 1. Optical amplifiers (EDFA)
- 2. Transmitters and receivers
- 3. Passive optical components (splitters, couplers)
|
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Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals Sample Questions (Q45-Q50):
NEW QUESTION # 45
How many PM bins can be stored, for each data collection point, on PSS systems?
- A. 4 x 15-min bins and 1 x 1-day bin.
- B. 120 x 15-min bins, 60 x 1-day bins and 1 raw bin.
- C. 33 x 15-min bins, 8 x 1-day bins and 1 raw bin.
- D. 200 x 15-min bins, 90 x 1-day bins and 1 raw bin.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:
Performance Monitoring (PM) is critical for maintaining the health of a Nokia 1830 PSS network. The system collects data such as FEC corrected bits, optical power levels, and ODU-layer errors. According to Nokia's standard node management architecture, each data collection point (such as an optical port or an ODU termination point) stores a specific number of historical "bins" locally on the card or the shelf controller.
The standard storage capacity for these PM statistics is 33 x 15-minute bins (covering the last 8 hours and 15 minutes of granular data) and 8 x 1-day bins (covering the last week of daily totals). Additionally, there is 1 raw bin which contains the "current" accumulating data that has not yet been shifted into a completed 15-minute or 24-hour historical bin. This allows network operators using WS-NOC (WaveSuite Network Operations Center) to retrieve recent historical performance data directly from the NE (Network Element) even if the management system was temporarily disconnected. If longer-term history is required, the management system must be configured to poll and archive these bins into its own database before they are overwritten on the hardware.
NEW QUESTION # 46
Which type of ports are present in the Colorless Wavelength Router (CWR)?
- A. Colorless uni-directional ports only
- B. Black and white ports
- C. Colorless bi-directional ports
- D. DeMux ports
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:
In the Nokia 1830 PSS (Photonic Service Switch) architecture, the Colorless Wavelength Router (CWR) is a specialized module used within ROADM nodes to enable "colorless" add/drop capabilities. Traditional static multiplexers, like the SFD (Static Filter Device), use fixed-wavelength ports where a specific port is hard-wired to a specific frequency (color). In contrast, a CWR allows any wavelength to be added or dropped from any of its ports.
The ports on a CWR are bi-directional. This means that a single physical port on the CWR card handles both the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) paths for a specific wavelength, typically connecting to a transponder's line-side interface. This bi-directional design simplifies fiber management within the shelf and is a key requirement for the "Colorless" attribute of modern flexible grids. By utilizing CWR modules, operators can remotely retune a transponder to a different frequency without needing a technician to physically move fiber patches to a different port on a multiplexer, significantly increasing operational efficiency and reducing human error during service provisioning or restoration.
NEW QUESTION # 47
Which of the following statements is true about chromatic dispersion (CD)?
- A. The fiber attenuation introduces inter-channel interference.
- B. The fiber attenuation changes along the fiber, and when the light crosses these differences the CD takes place.
- C. Different channels have different bandwidth and this causes different CD performances.
- D. Different wavelengths propagate at different speeds within the same media and therefore different colors travel in the fiber with different speed.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Different wavelengths propagate at different speeds within the same media and therefore different colors travel in the fiber with different speed. This phenomenon is known as chromatic dispersion and causes light to spread out as it travels through the fiber over distance, leading to signal attenuation and distortion. The fiber attenuation does not introduce inter-channel interference, but it can cause attenuation of the signal. Different channels have different bandwidths, but this does not affect CD performance.
NEW QUESTION # 48
How does a Raman pump work in the 1830 specific implementation?
- A. The pump light travels in the same direction of the signal, amplifying it while it flows in the fiber towards the following node.
- B. The amplification is done simultaneously for all channels as they enter the board.
- C. The pump light travels in the opposite direction of the signal to be amplified, amplifying it while it arrives from the adjacent node.
- D. As the incoming signal power increase, the gain of the amplifier is reduced.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Raman amplification, a pump laser is used to excite the Raman-active molecules in the fiber, which then amplifies the signal light as it travels in the opposite direction. In the 1830 specific implementation, the pump laser is typically a high-power laser that is launched into the fiber in the opposite direction to the signal. The pump light interacts with the Raman-active molecules in the fiber, which then amplifies the signal light as it travels in the opposite direction. This allows the Raman pump to provide a gain that increases with distance, which can be used to compensate for the loss of signal power as it travels through the fiber.
NEW QUESTION # 49
What is the function of the express channel interface?
- A. It enables the high speed route for all channels passing through that interface.
- B. It enables the high speed route for all channels terminated in the local node.
- C. It passes all the channels not terminated in the local node through the downstream node.
- D. It drops high capacity channels in the local node.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals:
In the context of WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) node architecture, an express channel interface (often associated with OADMs or ROADMs) is specifically designed to handle "through" traffic. In a multi-node optical network, not every wavelength (channel) needs to be processed or terminated at every site it passes. To maintain signal integrity and reduce latency, these wavelengths are kept in the optical domain.
The express interface allows these optical channels-those not terminated or "dropped" at the local node-to bypass the local transponders and multiplexers, flowing directly to the downstream node. This photonic bypass avoids unnecessary O-E-O (Optical-Electrical-Optical) conversions, which would otherwise require expensive hardware and increase power consumption. By utilizing express paths, the Nokia 1830 PSS can scale to support massive core network capacities while ensuring that only the relevant traffic is diverted to the local client-facing ports.
NEW QUESTION # 50
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