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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Principles: public/private key pairs |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
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NEW QUESTION # 60
(How often are transactions added to a blockchain?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
For Bitcoin, transactions are confirmed by inclusion in blocks, and the network targets an average block interval of about 10 minutes. That means transactions are "added" to the Bitcoin blockchain approximately every 10 minutes in the sense that a new block containing a batch of transactions is appended at that cadence.
The 10-minute target is achieved by a difficulty adjustment mechanism that recalibrates mining difficulty roughly every 2016 blocks, aiming to keep the average interval stable despite changes in total network hash power. It is important to note that this is an average: blocks can be found faster or slower in the short term due to the probabilistic nature of proof-of-work mining. Other blockchains have different block times (seconds to minutes), but the question's options and typical curriculum context align with Bitcoin's 10-minute design.
Therefore, the correct choice is approximately every 10 minutes.
NEW QUESTION # 61
(Why should an asymmetric private key be used to encrypt the digest of an application?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Digital signing of software typically works by hashing the application (or its manifest) and then using the publisher's private key to create a digital signature over that digest. The private key is used because it is secret and uniquely controlled by the publisher; only the publisher should be able to produce a valid signature. Verifiers (customers) use the publisher's public key to validate the signature and confirm that the digest matches the software they received. This yields two key properties: integrity (the software hasn't been altered; any modification changes the digest and breaks verification) and authenticity (the signature proves it came from the private-key holder). Option A incorrectly describes symmetric stream encryption. Option C incorrectly generalizes private-key behavior as "block encryption." Option D is wrong because verification uses the public key, not a private key; also,
"encrypting with private key" in this context is better understood as signing, not confidentiality encryption. Therefore, the correct rationale is that the asymmetric private key is used to sign the file's digest so the corresponding public key can verify integrity and authenticity.
NEW QUESTION # 62
(Which encryption process sends a list of cipher suites that are supported for encrypted communications?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the TLS handshake, the ClientHello message is the client's opening negotiation message and includes the client's supported cryptographic capabilities. A key part of ClientHello is the offered cipher suites list, which advertises combinations of key exchange, authentication, encryption, and integrity/AEAD algorithms the client is willing to use. The server responds with ServerHello, selecting one of the offered cipher suites (in TLS 1.2 and earlier) and confirming protocol parameters. Forward secrecy is a property achieved by using ephemeral key exchange (e.g., (EC)DHE), not a specific message that "sends a list." "Integrity check" is a security goal/mechanism, not the negotiation step. While TLS 1.3 changes the structure of negotiation (cipher suite list still appears in ClientHello but only covers AEAD and hash; key exchange is negotiated via extensions), the fundamental idea remains: the client proposes supported cipher suites in ClientHello, and the server picks compatible parameters. Therefore, the process that sends the list of supported cipher suites is the ClientHello.
NEW QUESTION # 63
(Which of the following best describes lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
Lightweight cryptography refers to cryptographic primitives and profiles engineered for environments where computational resources are constrained-limited CPU, memory, power, bandwidth, and code size-while still requiring robust security. Typical targets include IoT sensors, embedded controllers, smart cards, RFID, wearables, and many mobile or edge deployments. The design goals emphasize efficiency (low energy consumption, small silicon area for hardware, small firmware footprint) and practical performance under constraints, often while providing modern security properties like authenticated encryption (confidentiality + integrity) and secure hashing. Lightweight cryptography is not simply "stronger encryption"; it balances security with implementability in constrained systems. It is also not restricted to military settings and is not inherently outdated-many lightweight designs are modern and motivated by the rapid growth of IoT and pervasive computing. Because constrained devices are common entry points for attackers, having secure primitives that fit those devices is a critical part of contemporary security architecture. Therefore, the best description is cryptographic algorithms designed for resource-constrained environments.
NEW QUESTION # 64
(What is an example of a block cipher mode of operation?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A block cipher mode of operation defines how a block cipher (such as AES) is applied to data longer than a single block, and how blocks are linked (or not linked) to provide certain security properties. ECB (Electronic Codebook) is one of the canonical block cipher modes: it encrypts each plaintext block independently using the same key. While ECB is generally discouraged because it leaks patterns (identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks), it is still a valid and historically important mode of operation and is often used as a teaching example of what not to do for structured data. In contrast, SHA-256 is a hash function (one- way digest) and not a mode for block ciphers. DSA is a digital signature algorithm and provides authenticity
/integrity, not encryption mode behavior. RSA is an asymmetric cryptosystem, not a block cipher mode.
Therefore, among the options, ECB is the correct example of a block cipher mode of operation.
NEW QUESTION # 65
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