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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Enumeration | 7% | - AI-Driven Enumeration - Enumeration Countermeasures - Enumeration Concepts - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration |
| Scanning Networks | 8% | - Network Scanning Basics - Service & OS Fingerprinting - Host & Port Discovery - AI-Assisted Scanning - Scanning Countermeasures - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall |
| Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - Honeypot Concepts & Detection - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies - Evasion Techniques |
| Malware Threats | 7% | - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms - AI-Powered Malware - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - APT & Fileless Malware |
| Denial-of-Service | 4% | - DDoS Tools - DoS & DDoS Concepts - Defense Mechanisms - Attack Techniques & Botnets |
| Cloud Computing | 5% | - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks - Cloud Security Best Practices - Cloud Security Risks - Cloud Models & Services |
| Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Legal and Ethical Compliance - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK - Information Security Concepts |
| IoT & OT Security | 4% | - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Security Controls - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems |
| Cryptography | 5% | - Cryptography in Practice - Public Key Infrastructure - Cryptanalysis & Attacks - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms |
| Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities - Mobile Attack Vectors - Mobile Device Security |
| System Hacking | 8% | - Maintaining Access - Clearing Tracks & Logs - Privilege Escalation - Gaining Access: Password Attacks |
| Social Engineering | 6% | - Countermeasures & Awareness - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Identity Theft - Social Engineering Concepts |
| Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 - Security Best Practices - Wireless Hacking Tools |
| Sniffing | 5% | - Sniffing Countermeasures - MITM Attacks - Packet Sniffing Concepts - Sniffing Tools & Techniques |
| Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - OSINT Techniques - Reconnaissance Concepts - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - Reconnaissance Countermeasures |
| Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Scanning & Analysis Tools - Vulnerability Research & Databases |
| Session Hijacking | 4% | - Hijacking Techniques - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Session Hijacking Concepts - Countermeasures |
| Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF - Web Server Vulnerabilities - API Security Risks - Web Security Countermeasures - SQL Injection & Command Injection |
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NEW QUESTION # 326
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) has a need to authenticate users connecting via analog modems, Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), wireless data services, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) over a Frame Relay network.
Which AAA protocol is the most likely able to handle this requirement?
Answer: C
Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) management for users who connect and use a network service.
RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the application layer, and can use either TCP or UDP.
Network access servers, which control access to a network, usually contain a RADIUS client component that communicates with the RADIUS server. RADIUS is often the back-end of choice for 802.1X authentication.
A RADIUS server is usually a background process running on UNIX or Microsoft Windows.
Authentication and authorization
The user or machine sends a request to a Network Access Server (NAS) to gain access to a particular network resource using access credentials. The credentials are passed to the NAS device via the link-layer protocol- for example, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in the case of many dialup or DSL providers or posted in an HTTPS secure web form.
In turn, the NAS sends a RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol.
This request includes access credentials, typically in the form of username and password or security certificate provided by the user. Additionally, the request may contain other information which the NAS knows about the user, such as its network address or phone number, and information regarding the user's physical point of attachment to the NAS.
The RADIUS server checks that the information is correct using authentication schemes such as PAP, CHAP or EAP. The user's proof of identification is verified, along with, optionally, other information related to the request, such as the user's network address or phone number, account status, and specific network service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked the user's information against a locally stored flat- file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this or can refer to external sources-commonly SQL, Kerberos, LDAP, or Active Directory servers-to verify the user's credentials.
The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS:
1) Access-Reject,
2) Access-Challenge,
3) Access-Accept.
Access-Reject
The user is unconditionally denied access to all requested network resources. Reasons may include failure to provide proof of identification or an unknown or inactive user account.
Access-Challenge
Requests additional information from the user such as a secondary password, PIN, token, or card. Access- Challenge is also used in more complex authentication dialogs where a secure tunnel is established between the user machine and the Radius Server in a way that the access credentials are hidden from the NAS.
Access-Accept
The user is granted access. Once the user is authenticated, the RADIUS server will often check that the user is authorized to use the network service requested. A given user may be allowed to use a company's wireless network, but not its VPN service, for example. Again, this information may be stored locally on the RADIUS server or may be looked up in an external source such as LDAP or Active Directory.
NEW QUESTION # 327
During a quarterly security audit at a multinational logistics firm, network security manager Priya initiates a scheduled vulnerability assessment across the organization's hybrid infrastructure. Her team begins by identifying all active IT assets and assigning them risk scores based on business criticality. The following week, they deploy scanning tools to detect security weaknesses, validate the findings manually, and classify vulnerabilities based on severity and exploitability.
After coordinating with the IT operations team, they develop a structured timeline to address the confirmed vulnerabilities, giving priority to high-risk findings affecting mission-critical systems.
Finally, after the vulnerabilities are addressed, Priya ensures that the affected systems are rescanned to confirm resolution and generates a compliance report for executive review. Based on this workflow, which phase of the Vulnerability-Management Life Cycle is Priya executing?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The described workflow focuses on fixing identified vulnerabilities by prioritizing them, coordinating with operations, applying corrective actions, and then confirming resolution through rescanning. This aligns with the remediation phase, where vulnerabilities are addressed and resolved based on risk priority.
NEW QUESTION # 328
Fred is the network administrator for his company. Fred is testing an internal switch. From an external IP address, Fred wants to try and trick this switch into thinking it already has established a session with his computer. How can Fred accomplish this?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
In TCP session hijacking or spoofing:
* An attacker sends a spoofed packet with the ACK bit set and a guessed (or predicted) sequence number to fool the receiver into thinking it's a legitimate continuation of an existing session.
Fred is simulating this by sending a TCP packet with the ACK bit and using his own IP as the source, trying to trick the switch into believing it's part of an already established session.
From CEH v13 Courseware:
* Module 11: Session Hijacking
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 11: TCP Session Hijacking and Spoofing TechniquesRFC 793 - TCP State Machine
NEW QUESTION # 329
There have been concerns in your network that the wireless network component is not sufficiently secure.
You perform a vulnerability scan of the wireless network and find that it is using an old encryption protocol that was designed to mimic wired encryption, what encryption protocol is being used?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) may be a security protocol, laid out in the IEEE wireless local area network (Wi-Fi) standard, 802.11b, that's designed to supply a wireless local area network (WLAN) with A level of security and privacy like what's usually expected of a wired LAN. A wired local area network (LAN) is usually protected by physical security mechanisms (controlled access to a building, for example) that are effective for a controlled physical environment, but could also be ineffective for WLANs because radio waves aren't necessarily bound by the walls containing the network. WEP seeks to determine similar protection thereto offered by the wired network's physical security measures by encrypting data transmitted over the WLAN. encoding protects the vulnerable wireless link between clients and access points; once this measure has been taken, other typical LAN security mechanisms like password protection, end-to-end encryption, virtual private networks (VPNs), and authentication are often put in situ to make sure privacy.A research group from the University of California at Berkeley recently published a report citing "major security flaws" in WEP that left WLANs using the protocol susceptible to attacks (called wireless equivalent privacy attacks).
within the course of the group's examination of the technology, they were ready to intercept and modify transmissions and gain access to restricted networks. The Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) claims that WEP - which is included in many networking products - was never intended to be the only security mechanism for a WLAN, and that, in conjunction with traditional security practices, it's very effective.
NEW QUESTION # 330
Samuel a security administrator, is assessing the configuration of a web server. He noticed that the server permits SSlv2 connections, and the same private key certificate is used on a different server that allows SSLv2 connections. This vulnerability makes the web server vulnerable to attacks as the SSLv2 server can leak key information.
Which of the following attacks can be performed by exploiting the above vulnerability?
Answer: B
Explanation:
DROWN is a serious vulnerability that affects HTTPS and other services that deem SSL and TLS, some of the essential cryptographic protocols for net security. These protocols allow everyone on the net to browse the net, use email, look on-line, and send instant messages while not third-parties being able to browse the communication.
DROWN allows attackers to break the encryption and read or steal sensitive communications, as well as passwords, credit card numbers, trade secrets, or financial data. At the time of public disclosure on March
2016, our measurements indicated thirty third of all HTTPS servers were vulnerable to the attack. fortuitously, the vulnerability is much less prevalent currently. As of 2019, SSL Labs estimates that one.2% of HTTPS servers are vulnerable.
What will the attackers gain?
Any communication between users and the server. This typically includes, however isn't limited to, usernames and passwords, credit card numbers, emails, instant messages, and sensitive documents. under some common scenarios, an attacker can also impersonate a secure web site and intercept or change the content the user sees.
Who is vulnerable?
Websites, mail servers, and other TLS-dependent services are in danger for the DROWN attack. At the time of public disclosure, many popular sites were affected. we used Internet-wide scanning to live how many sites are vulnerable:
Operators of vulnerable servers got to take action. there's nothing practical that browsers or end-users will do on their own to protect against this attack.
Is my site vulnerable?
Modern servers and shoppers use the TLS encryption protocol. However, because of misconfigurations, several servers also still support SSLv2, a 1990s-era precursor to TLS. This support did not matter in practice, since no up-to-date clients really use SSLv2. Therefore, despite the fact that SSLv2 is thought to be badly insecure, until now, simply supporting SSLv2 wasn't thought of a security problem, is a clients never used it.
DROWN shows that merely supporting SSLv2 may be a threat to fashionable servers and clients. It modern associate degree attacker to modern fashionable TLS connections between up-to-date clients and servers by sending probes to a server that supports SSLv2 and uses the same private key.
A server is vulnerable to DROWN if:
* It allows SSLv2 connections. This is surprisingly common, due to misconfiguration and inappropriate default settings.
* Its private key is used on any other serverthat allows SSLv2 connections, even for another protocol.
Many companies reuse the same certificate and key on their web and email servers, for instance. In this case, if the email server supports SSLv2 and the web server does not, an attacker can take advantage of the email server to break TLS connections to the web server.
How do I protect my server?
To protect against DROWN, server operators need to ensure that their private keys software used anyplace with server computer code that enables SSLv2 connections. This includes net servers, SMTP servers, IMAP and POP servers, and the other software that supports SSL/TLS.
Disabling SSLv2 is difficult and depends on the particular server software. we offer instructions here for many common products:
OpenSSL: OpenSSL may be a science library employed in several server merchandise. For users of OpenSSL, the simplest and recommended solution is to upgrade to a recent OpenSSL version. OpenSSL 1.0.2 users ought to upgrade to 1.0.2g. OpenSSL 1.0.1 users ought to upgrade to one.0.1s. Users of older OpenSSL versions ought to upgrade to either one in every of these versions. (Updated March thirteenth, 16:00 UTC) Microsoft IIS (Windows Server): Support for SSLv2 on the server aspect is enabled by default only on the OS versions that correspond to IIS 7.0 and IIS seven.5, particularly Windows scene, Windows Server 2008, Windows seven and Windows Server 2008R2. This support is disabled within the appropriate SSLv2 subkey for 'Server', as outlined in KB245030. albeit users haven't taken the steps to disable SSLv2, the export-grade and 56-bit ciphers that build DROWN possible don't seem to be supported by default.
Network Security Services (NSS): NSS may be a common science library designed into several server merchandise. NSS versions three.13 (released back in 2012) and higher than ought to have SSLv2 disabled by default. (A little variety of users might have enabled SSLv2 manually and can got to take steps to disable it.) Users of older versions ought to upgrade to a more moderen version. we tend to still advocate checking whether or not your non-public secret is exposed elsewhere Other affected software and in operation systems:
Instructions and data for: Apache, Postfix, Nginx, Debian, Red Hat
Browsers and other consumers: practical nothing practical that net browsers or different client computer code will do to stop DROWN. only server operators ar ready to take action to guard against the attack.
NEW QUESTION # 331
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