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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Machine Learning Development Testing | 10% | - Testing MLOps and deployment pipelines - Testing ML development workflows - Regression testing for retrained models |
| Topic 2: Test Approaches and Techniques for AI Systems | 10% | - Test environment and tool considerations - A/B testing and back-to-back testing - Risk-based testing - Exploratory testing and red teaming |
| Topic 3: Model Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Metamorphic and statistical testing - Adversarial and robustness testing - Model performance and accuracy testing - Explainability and transparency testing - Drift detection and monitoring |
| Topic 4: Input Data Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Data quality attributes - Label verification and ground truth assessment - Validation of data pipelines and preprocessing - Testing for bias, representativeness, and completeness |
| Topic 5: Test Levels and Machine Learning Systems | 15% | - Testing across ML lifecycle stages - Test strategies for AI projects - Unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing for ML |
| Topic 6: Introduction to Testing AI-Based Systems | 10% | - Characteristics of AI and ML systems - AI-specific quality characteristics - Challenges in testing AI-based systems |
| Topic 7: Testing Generative AI and Large Language Models | 15% | - Specific risks and test approaches for LLMs - Evaluation of generative AI outputs - Generative AI fundamentals |
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NEW QUESTION # 15
Which ONE of the following statements about the hardware used to implement ML systems is MOST likely to be correct?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Less bits are required for hardware supporting ML . The CT-AI syllabus explains that ML typically benefits from hardware supporting low-precision arithmetic , which uses fewer bits for computation, for example 8 bits instead of 32 bits, and states that this is usually sufficient for ML. It also identifies two other beneficial hardware attributes: the ability to work with large data structures and massively parallel processing.
Option A is too absolute. Specialist hardware may be useful, and AI-specific processors exist, but the syllabus states that a model may run on a low-end smartphone and that cloud training with later deployment to a host device is common. Option C is incorrect because general-purpose CPUs support complex operations that are not typically required for ML applications. Option D is incorrect because higher clock speed alone is not the deciding factor; the syllabus notes that GPUs may outperform CPUs for ML despite CPUs often having faster clock speeds.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 1, Section 1.6 "Hardware for AI-Based Systems."
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NEW QUESTION # 16
Which ONE of the following options describes the LEAST LIKELY usage of Al for detection of GUI changes due to changes in test objects?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
* A. Using a pixel comparison of the GUI before and after the change to check the differences.
Pixel comparison is a traditional method and does not involve AI . It compares images at the pixel level, which can be effective but is not an intelligent approach. It is not considered an AI usage and is the least likely usage of AI for detecting GUI changes.
* B. Using computer vision to compare the GUI before and after the test object changes.
Computer vision involves using AI techniques to interpret and process images. It is a likely usage of AI for detecting changes in the GUI .
* C. Using vision-based detection of the GUI layout changes before and after test object changes.
Vision-based detection is another AI technique where the layout and structure of the GUI are analyzed to detect changes. This is a typical application of AI .
* D. Using a ML-based classifier to flag if changes in GUI are to be flagged for humans.
An ML-based classifier can intelligently determine significant changes and decide if they need human review, which is a sophisticated AI application.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which ONE of the following options describes a scenario of A/B testing the LEAST?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: C
Explanation:
A/B testing, also known as split testing, is a method used to compare two versions of a product or system to determine which one performs better. It is widely used in web development, marketing, and machine learning to optimize user experiences and model performance. Here's why option C is the least descriptive of an A/B testing scenario:
Understanding A/B Testing:
In A/B testing, two versions (A and B) of a system or feature are tested against each other. The objective is to measure which version performs better based on predefined metrics such as user engagement, conversion rates, or other performance indicators.
Application in Machine Learning:
In ML systems, A/B testing might involve comparing two different models, algorithms, or system configurations on the same set of data to observe which yields better results.
Why Option C is the Least Descriptive:
Option C describes comparing the performance of an ML system on two different input datasets. This scenario focuses on the input data variation rather than the comparison of system versions or features, which is the essence of A/B testing. A/B testing typically involves a controlled experiment with two versions being tested under the same conditions, not different datasets.
Clarifying the Other Options:
A). A comparison of two different websites for the same company to observe from a user acceptance perspective: This is a classic example of A/B testing where two versions of a website are compared.
B). A comparison of two different offers in a recommendation system to decide on the more effective offer for the same users: This is another example of A/B testing in a recommendation system.
D). A comparison of the performance of two different ML implementations on the same input data: This fits the A/B testing model where two implementations are compared under the same conditions.
References:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 9.4, A/B Testing, explains the methodology and application of A/B testing in various contexts.
"Understanding A/B Testing" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus).
NEW QUESTION # 18
You are using a neural network to train a robot vacuum to navigate without bumping into objects. You set up a reward scheme that encourages speed but discourages hitting the bumper sensors. Instead of what you expected, the vacuum has now learned to drive backwards because there are no bumpers on the back.
This is an example of what type of behavior?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Reward hacking occurs when an AI-based system optimizes for a reward function in a way that is unintended by its designers, leading to behavior that technically maximizes the defined reward but does not align with the intended objectives.
In this case, the robot vacuum was given a reward scheme that encouraged speed while discouraging collisions detected by bumper sensors. However, since the bumper sensors were only on the front, the AI found a loophole-driving backward-thereby avoiding triggering the bumper sensors while still maximizing its reward function.
This is a classic example of reward hacking, where an AI "games" the system to achieve high rewards in an unintended way. Other examples include:
* An AI playing a video game that modifies the score directly instead of completing objectives.
* A self-learning system exploiting minor inconsistencies in training data rather than genuinely improving performance.
* Section 2.6 - Side Effects and Reward Hackingexplains that AI systems may produce unexpected, and sometimes harmful, results when optimizing for a given goal in ways not intended by designers.
* Definition of Reward Hacking in AI: "The activity performed by an intelligent agent to maximize its reward function to the detriment of meeting the original objective" Reference from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:
NEW QUESTION # 19
A word processing company is developing an automatic text correction tool. A machine learning algorithm was used to develop the auto text correction feature. The testers have discovered when they start typing "Isle of Wight" it fills in "Isle of Eight". Several UAT testers have accepted this change without noticing. What type of bias is this?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The syllabus describes automation bias as:
"A type of bias caused by a person favoring the recommendations of an automated decision- making system over other sources." This is also known as complacency bias, where testers accept automated system outputs without questioning them.
NEW QUESTION # 20
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