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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Secure CI/CD practices - Image scanning and verification |
| Topic 2: Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod security standards - Container isolation and security contexts |
| Topic 3: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API server security - Authentication and authorization |
| Topic 4: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Hardening cluster components - Secure installation configuration |
| Topic 5: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Audit logging and monitoring - Runtime threat detection |
| Topic 6: System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
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NEW QUESTION # 47
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes: Cluster: immutable-cluster Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1 You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command: [desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context immutable-cluster Context: It is best practice to design containers to be stateless and immutable. Task: Inspect Pods running in namespace prod and delete any Pod that is either not stateless or not immutable. Use the following strict interpretation of stateless and immutable: 1. Pods being able to store data inside containers must be treated as not stateless. Note: You don't have to worry whether data is actually stored inside containers or not already. 2. Pods being configured to be privileged in any way must be treated as potentially not stateless or not immutable.
Answer:
Explanation:
Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/ https://cloud.google.com/architecture/best-practices-for-operating-containers
NEW QUESTION # 48
SIMULATION
Documentation
Deployment, Pod Security Admission, Pod Security Standards
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000036
Context
For compliance, all user namespaces enforce the restricted Pod Security Standard .
Task
The confidential namespace contains a Deployment that is not compliant with the restricted Pod Security Standard . Thus, its Pods can not be scheduled.
Modify the Deployment to be compliant and verify that the Pods are running.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/nginx-unprivileged.yaml.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000036
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Confirm the failing Pods + see the PSA error (fast)
kubectl -n confidential get deploy
kubectl -n confidential get pods
kubectl -n confidential describe deploy <deployment-name> | sed -n '/Events/,$p' (You'll usually see "violates PodSecurity 'restricted' ..." with the exact missing fields.)
3) Edit the provided manifest
vi /home/candidate/nginx-unprivileged.yaml
You must ensure the Pod template becomes compliant. Add/ensure the following exact blocks:
4) Add Pod-level securityContext (under spec.template.spec)
Find:
spec:
template:
spec:
Add this block under it (or merge if securityContext: already exists):
securityContext:
runAsNonRoot: true
runAsUser: 65535
seccompProfile:
type: RuntimeDefault
5) Add Container-level securityContext (under the nginx container)
Find:
containers:
- name: ...
image: ...
Under that container, add (or adjust) this exact block:
securityContext:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
capabilities:
drop:
- ALL
If there are multiple containers, apply the same container securityContext to each one.
Save and exit:
:wq
6) Apply the manifest to the confidential namespace
kubectl -n confidential apply -f /home/candidate/nginx-unprivileged.yaml Wait rollout:
kubectl -n confidential rollout status deployment/<deployment-name>
If you don't know the deployment name from the file, list:
kubectl -n confidential get deploy
7) Verify Pods are running
kubectl -n confidential get pods -o wide
If still failing, show the exact PSA violation (this tells you what else to fix):
kubectl -n confidential describe pod <pod-name> | sed -n '/Events/,$p'
Quick "if it still fails" fixes (common restricted blockers)
Open the manifest again and ensure these are NOT set (or are removed/false):
hostNetwork: true
hostPID: true
hostIPC: true
any hostPort:
privileged: true
capabilities.add:
seccompProfile: Unconfined
runAsUser: 0 or runAsNonRoot: false
Then re-apply.
Minimal compliant result (what the grader expects)
Your Pod template should include:
seccompProfile: RuntimeDefault
runAsNonRoot: true (and a non-root UID like 65535)
container: allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
container: capabilities.drop: [ALL]
container: readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
NEW QUESTION # 49
Use the kubesec docker images to scan the given YAML manifest, edit and apply the advised changes, and passed with a score of 4 points.
kubesec-test.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: kubesec-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: kubesec-demo
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 50
You have a deployment named 'database-deployment' running a PostgreSQL database container. You need to restrict access to the database from any other pods in the cluster except for a specific pod with the label Sapp:backend'.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy for the database deployment
2. Apply the NetworkPolicy: bash kubectl apply -f database-policy-yaml - The 'database-policy' is applied to pods with the label 'app-.database' - The 'ingress' section allows traffic only from pods with the label 'app:backend' - All other ingress traffic is blocked. Important Notes: - Ensure that the 'backend' pod has the correct label - This policy restricts access to the database pod from any other pods, including within the same namespace. - You can customize this policy further to allow specific ports or protocols.
NEW QUESTION # 51
You are running a highly sensitive application in your Kubernetes cluster, which stores personal identifiable information (PII) dat
a. You suspect that a malicious actor might have injected a malicious container image into your cluster and is now attempting to exfiltrate this data. You need to implement a solution to detect and prevent any suspicious data exfiltration attempts from within your cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Enable Container Security Policies (CSP) with Admission Control:
- Configure a CSP policy using the 'PodSecurityPolicy' or the newer 'PodSecurity' object.
- Restrict network egress for containers running your sensitive application to only allow communication to approved external services and destinations.
- Define rules within the CSP policy tnat disallow any container from accessing privileged ports or using privileged capabilities. This will limit the
attackers ability to establish unauthorized connections or manipulate system resources.
- Example CSP policy With 'P0dSecurity'
2. Implement Network Policies: - Configure network policies to restrict outbound network traffic from pods running tne sensitive application. - Allow only specific ports and destinations required tor the application's functionality. - This step helps prevent any unauthorized connections from the compromised container to external networks. - Example Network Policy:
3. Deploy Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) in the Cluster: - Deploy an IDS solution like Falco or Sysdig within your cluster. - Configure Falco to monitor for suspicious activities like file system modifications, network connections, or process executions that might indicate data exfiltration attempts. - Falco can trigger alerts and block malicious activities based on the defined rules. - Example Falco rule:
4. Utilize Runtime Security Tools: - Deploy a runtime security tool like Aqua Security, Twistlock, or Snyk. - These tools monitor running containers for suspicious behaviors and vulnerabilities. - They can enforce security policies, detect anomalies, and alen you about potential data breaches. - This helps you quickly identify compromised containers and take appropriate actions. 5. Implement Data Encryption and Access Control: - Encrypt the PII data stored in your Kubernetes cluster at rest and in transit - Utilize tools like Vault or KMS to manage and secure encryption keys. - Implement access control measures to limit access to sensitive data to authorized users and applications. - This minimizes the impact of a data breach even if the malicious container gains access to the data. By combining these security measures, you can significantly reduce the risk of data exfiltration and enhance the security posture of your sensitive application running in the Kubernetes cluster.
NEW QUESTION # 52
......
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