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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Services & Networking | 20% | - Define and enforce Network Policies - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Understand and use CoreDNS - Understand connectivity between Pods - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic |
| Topic 2: Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Understand DaemonSets - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Understand how scheduler works - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand Static Pods - Use label selectors to schedule Pods |
| Topic 3: Troubleshooting | 30% | - Troubleshoot cluster component failure - Manage container stdout & stderr logs - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Troubleshoot networking - Understand how to monitor applications - Troubleshoot application failure |
| Topic 4: Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) |
| Topic 5: Storage | 10% | - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand persistent volume claims primitive |
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NEW QUESTION # 28
You have a Kubernetes cluster with a Deployment named 'web-app' running 3 replicas. One of the pods in the Deployment is consistently crashing, and you suspect it is due to resource limitations. You need to investigate the resource usage of the failing pod and adjust its resource requests and limits to prevent it from crashing.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Identify the Failing Pod:
- Use "kubectl get pods -l app=web-app' to list pods in the 'web-app' Deployment.
- Identify the pod that is consistently crashing. You might see an event in the pod's description like "Container
'web-app' exited with code 137" which indicates an OOMKilled event.
2. Examine Resource Usage:
- Get detailed information about the failing pod using 'kubectl describe pod '
- Look for the "Containers" section and pay attention to the resource usage metrics:
- CPU Usage: This will indicate how much CPU the container is using.
- Memory Usage: This shows how much memory the container is consuming.
- Resource Requests: This indicates how much CPU and memory the container is requesting.
- Resource Limits: This shows how much CPU and memory the container is allowed to use.
3. Adjust Resource Requests and Limits:
- Based on the resource usage and the "Resource Requests" and "Resource Limits" you observed in the previous step, increase the requests and limits for the container.
- Example: If the container consistently uses 200m CPU and 250Mi memory, increase the requests and limits to
250m CPU and 500Mi memory.
- Edit the Deployment YAML:
4. Update the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML using 'kubectl apply -f web-app.yamP 5. Monitor the Pod: - Observe the pod's resource usage and stability after the update. - You can use 'kubectl describe pod ' or 'kubectl top pod to monitor resource usage. 6. Further Troubleshooting: - If the pod continues to crash, you might need to consider other factors, such as: - Container image optimizations: Ensure the container image is optimized for efficient resource consumption. - Application code adjustments: Analyze the application code for any resource-intensive operations. - Vertical Pod Autoscaling (VPA): Configure VPA to automatically adjust the resource requests and limits of pods based on their resource usage.
NEW QUESTION # 29
You have a Deployment named 'frontend-deployment' with 5 replicas of a frontend container. You need to implement a rolling update strategy that allows for a maximum of 2 pods to be unavailable at any given time. You also want to ensure that the update process is completed within a specified timeout of 8 minutes. If the update fails to complete within the timeout, the deployment should revert to the previous version. Additionally, you want to configure a 'post-start' hook for the frontend container that executes a health check script to verify the application's readiness before it starts accepting traffic.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas' to 5.
- Define 'maxUnavailable: 2' and 'maxSurge: 0' in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section to control the rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy.type' to 'RollingUpdate' to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Set Always' to ensure that the new image is pulled even if
it exists in the pod's local cache.
- Add a 'spec.progressDeadlineSeconds: 480' to set a timeout of 8 minutes for the update process.
- Add a 'spec.template.spec.containers[0].lifecycle.postStart' hook to define a script that executes a health check script before the container starts accepting traffic.
2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f frontend-deployment.yaml' 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments frontend-deployment' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Push a new image to the 'my.org/frontend:latest' Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=frontend' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. 6. Observe Rollback if Timeout Exceeds: - If the update process takes longer than 8 minutes to complete, the deployment will be rolled back to the previous version. This can be observed using 'kubectl describe deployment frontend-deployment' and checking the 'updatedReplicas' and 'availableReplicas' fields.,
NEW QUESTION # 30
Monitor the logs of pod foo and:
* Extract log lines corresponding to error
unable-to-access-website
* Write them to/opt/KULM00201/foo
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
NEW QUESTION # 31
For this item, you will have to ssh to the nodes ik8s-master-0 and ik8s-node-0 and complete all tasks on these nodes. Ensure that you return to the base node (hostname: node-1) when you have completed this item.
Context
As an administrator of a small development team, you have been asked to set up a Kubernetes cluster to test the viability of a new application.
Task
You must use kubeadm to perform this task. Any kubeadm invocations will require the use of the --ignore- preflight-errors=all option.
* Configure the node ik8s-master-O as a master node. .
* Join the node ik8s-node-o to the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
You must use the kubeadm configuration file located at /etc/kubeadm.conf when initializing your cluster.
You may use any CNI plugin to complete this task, but if you don't have your favourite CNI plugin's manifest URL at hand, Calico is one popular option: https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.14/manifests/calico.yaml Docker is already installed on both nodes and apt has been configured so that you can install the required tools.
NEW QUESTION # 32
You are deploying a new microservice to your Kubernetes cluster. This service needs to communicate with another service within the same cluster. You want to ensure that the communication between the two services is secure and reliable. Which container network interface plugin would you choose for this scenario and why?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1 . Choose the appropriate Container Network Interface Plugin:
- For secure and reliable communication between services within the same Kubernetes cluster, the Calico container network interface plugin is a recommended choice.
2. Reasons for choosing Calico:
- Security: Calico provides robust network security features like network policies that allow you to define fine- grained access control rules between pods and services. This ensures secure communication only between authorized entities.
- Reliability: Calico offers high availability and reliability. It uses a distributed architecture and supports BGP for efficient routing and load balancing, leading to resilient network connectivity.
- Ease of Use: Calico integrates seamlessly with Kubernetes and is easy to configure and manage.
- Scalability: It's highly scalable, enabling you to manage large and complex Kubernetes environments.
3. Example Implementation:
- Install Calico: Use the 'kubectl' command to install Calico on your Kubernetes cluster:
kubectl apply -f https://docs.projectcalico.org/v3.19/getting-
started/kubernetes/installation/l .8+/manifests/calico.yaml
- Define Network Policies: Create network policies to control communication between your services. Here's an example:
This policy allows pods labeled 'app: microservice? to communicate with pods labeled 'app: microservice? within the 'default' namespace. 4. Verify the Configuration: - Use 'kubectl get networkpolicies' to list the defined network policies. - Test communication between your services. Note: Calico is a popular and highly regarded choice for Kubernetes networking. However, other plugins like Flannel and Weave are also viable options, depending on your specific requirements and preferences. ,
NEW QUESTION # 33
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