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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Understand how to develop a business case for requirements to be sourced from external suppliers | - Analyse how market factors affect procurement |
| Understand the use of specifications in procurement and supply | |
| Understand market management in procurement and supply | - Contrast direct costs and indirect costs
|
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質問 # 30
Due to the growth of consumer electronics market, semiconductor industry develops exponentially. However, the industry is dominated by a dozens of manufacturer. Chipset need to be built in factories with highly controlled environments. New chip factories cost billions of dollars and can take two years to build. Right now, factories are running at full capacity, which produce almost perfect yields, meaning basic chipset can be made for less than a dollar and more advanced versions for not much more. What are the barriers to new entrants in the semiconductor industry?
1. Poor industry growth
2. High set-up costs
3. Economies of scale
4. Low switching costs
正解：B
解説：
Barriers to entry is an economics and business term describing factors that can prevent or impede newcomers into a market or industry sector, and so limit competition. The most obvious barriers to entry are high start-up costs and regulatory hurdles which include the need for new companies to obtain licenses or regulatory clearance before operation. Also, industries heavily regulated by the government are usually the most difficult to penetrate. Other forms of barrier to entry that prevent new competitors from easily entering a business sector include special tax benefits to existing firms, patent protections, strong brand identity, customer loyalty, and high customer switching costs.
In the scenario, the new factory for chipset manufacturing costs billions of dollars, which indicates high set-up costs. Also, the incumbent manufacturers have reached economies of scale, allowing them to produce the components at optimal price.
The above descriptions are compiled from recent reports on current chip shortage (2021).
質問 # 31
Which of the following will help the bargaining strength of a buyer?
The buyer has the option to make the product in-house
There are a limited number of suppliers available to the buyer
The buyer's switching costs are high
The buyer's spend is a high proportion of the supplier's revenue
正解：B
解説：
Detailed Explanation:
1 (Make in-house): The ability to produce in-house reduces dependency on suppliers, strengthening buyer power.
4 (High spend proportion): A high proportion of spend gives buyers leverage over suppliers who are reliant on their revenue.Limited suppliers (2) and high switching costs (3) reduce buyer bargaining power. Reference:
CIPS Level 4, Market Power Analysis.
質問 # 32
A consulting firm in London had previously had static budgets. They were set once and locked in for the year.
This resulted in departments meeting their budgets early and doing virtually nothing the rest of the accounting period. To address this imbalance, the company tossed out the static budget and developed a new one for each department of the next 18 months. And each month, real sales figures are analyzed against the plan and the budget is adjusted accordingly. Then the company adds another month into the budgeting plan. What type of budget this company is using?
正解：C
解説：
A rolling budget is continually updated to add a new budget period as the most recent budget period is completed. Thus, the rolling budget involves the incremental extension of the existing budget model. By doing so, a business always has a budget that extends one year into the future.
Think of continuous (rolling) budgets as waves rolling ashore on the beach. A new wave comes in each time, replacing the one that was there before. From a financial perspective, the wave is your budget, and the time between waves is longer! These reporting time frames can be monthly, quar-terly, yearly, etc.
An incremental budget is a budget prepared using a previous period's budget or actual performance as a basis with incremental amounts added for the new budget period.
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. The process of zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base," and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period, regardless of whether each budget is higher or lower than the previous one.
Activity-based budgeting (ABB) is a system that records, researches, and analyzes activities that lead to costs for a company. Every activity in an organization that incurs a cost is scrutinized for potential ways to create efficiencies. Budgets are then developed based on these results.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 52-59
LO 1, AC 1.4
質問 # 33
A buyer can use sources of information to review indirect costs associated with the manufacture of goods to support supplier negotiations. Is this statement true?
正解：D
解説：
Detailed Explanation:Analyzing both direct and indirect costs helps buyers understand cost structures and negotiate effectively. Indirect costs, like overheads, can be identified through supplier data and market benchmarks, aiding in cost transparency. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Cost Management and Negotiation.
質問 # 34
A CPO is making a business case for acquiring a new computer system. He has set out objective, generated options, cost and benefit of each option and implementation plan. Which of the following elements should be included in the business case?
正解：D
解説：
Before a project commences (either capital purchase or switching to a new supplier), a business case should be developed. The business case outlines the why, what, how, and who necessary to decide if it is worthwhile continuing a project.
Basically, the following criteria can be applied to the assessment of a business case:
1. Objectives
This part describes why you are doing the project. The business objective answers the following questions:
- What is your goal?
- What is needed to overcome the problem?
- How will the project support the business strategy?
2. Option identification and selection
Identify the potential solutions to the problem and describe them in enough detail for the reader to understand.
For instance, if the business case and proposed solution makes use of technology, make sure to explain how the technology is used and define the terms used in a glossary. Since most problems have multiple solutions an option appraisal is often needed. This will explore the potential solutions and recommend the best option.
When writing the initial business case the option appraisal is likely to contain a long list of options and will cover many possibilities. As the project continues a number of options will be rejected. The final business case may contain three to five options # the short list # that includes a do nothing or benchmark option.
3. Benefits and limitations
The benefits and limitations section describes the financial and non-financial benefits in turn. The purpose is to explain why you need a project.
For instance, to:
- Improve quality
- Save costs through efficiencies
- Reduce working capital
- Generate revenue
- Remain competitive
- Improve customer service
- Align to corporate strategy
The business case should also include any limitations since these present potential risk to the pro-ject.
4. Risk management
The risk assessment summarizes the significant project risks and opportunities and how they are managed.
The risks included should cover those that could arise from your project or the organiza-tion's ability to deliver change.
This section answers the following questions:
- What risks are involved?
- What are the consequences of a risk happening?
- What opportunities may emerge?
- What plans are in place to deal with the risks?
- Every project should include a risk log.
When writing a business case, make sure this is included as it explains how risk and opportunity are managed.
5. Implementation plan
The outline plan provides a summary of the main activities and overall timescale # project schedule # for the project.
Ideally, the project should be divided into stages with key decisions preceding each stage. Use this section to answer the following questions:
- What is required?
- How is it done?
- Who does what?
- When will things happen?
This outline plan lists the major deliverables and includes a brief project description plus accountabilities for each activity.
In the scenario, the CPO has set out objective, generated options, cost and benefit of each option and implementation plan. In order to make the business case more compelling, he should reinforce it with risk management.
質問 # 35
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