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>> ISO-31000-Lead-Risk-Manager学習指導 <<
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質問 # 50
Which approach ensures that employees provide risk-related information upward, while only issues requiring higher-level intervention are escalated to top management?
正解:A
解説:
The correct answer is A. Middle-out communication. ISO 31000 highlights the importance of effective communication flows that support timely escalation while avoiding unnecessary overload at senior management levels.
Middle-out communication combines bottom-up and top-down elements. Employees report risk-related information upward through their immediate supervisors or middle management. Middle managers then filter, assess, and consolidate this information, escalating only those issues that require higher-level intervention to top management.
Top-down communication focuses on directives flowing from senior leadership to employees and does not address upward reporting. Bottom-up communication involves direct escalation from employees to top management, which can overwhelm leadership and bypass appropriate governance structures. Lateral communication refers to communication between peers and does not address escalation.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, middle-out communication supports effective governance by ensuring proportional escalation, clarity of accountability, and efficient decision-making. Therefore, the correct answer is Middle-out communication.
質問 # 51
A renewable energy company is conducting a facilitated workshop to review potential risks in its power generation systems. The facilitator uses a list of guidewords and prompts such as "what if?" and "how could?" to encourage participants to discuss possible causes, consequences, and existing controls. Which of the following risk identification techniques is being applied?
正解:D
解説:
The correct answer is C. Structured What-If Technique (SWIFT). SWIFT is a facilitated, structured risk identification technique that uses guidewords and prompts such as "what if...?" and "how could...?" to stimulate discussion and identify potential risks, causes, consequences, and existing controls.
In the scenario, the facilitator explicitly used guidewords and open-ended prompts during a workshop, which is characteristic of SWIFT. ISO 31010, which complements ISO 31000, describes SWIFT as a flexible and collaborative technique suitable for workshops and group discussions, particularly when time or resources are limited.
Checklists and taxonomies rely on predefined lists rather than interactive questioning. FMEA focuses on identifying failure modes and their effects in a systematic, often component-level analysis, rather than open-ended facilitated discussion. The Delphi technique uses anonymous expert surveys conducted in multiple rounds, which does not match the described workshop format.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, SWIFT is especially useful for early-stage risk identification and for engaging cross-functional stakeholders. Therefore, the correct answer is Structured What-If Technique (SWIFT).
質問 # 52
Scenario 3:
NovaCare is a US-based healthcare provider operating four hospitals and several outpatient clinics. Following several minor system outages and an internal assessment that revealed inconsistencies in security monitoring tools, top management recognized the need for a structured approach to identify and manage risks more effectively. Thus, they decided to implement a formal risk management process in line with ISO 31000 recommendations to enhance safety and improve resilience.
After identifying key risks, Daniel and the team used a structured questioning approach to repeatedly analyze why each issue occurred, tracing cause-and-effect links and probing deeper until the underlying root causes were identified.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
Which technique did Daniel and his team use to further investigate the cause-and-effect relationships of identified risks and uncover their root causes?
正解:A
解説:
The correct answer is B. 5 Whys technique. The 5 Whys technique is a structured root cause analysis method that involves repeatedly asking "why" an issue occurred until the underlying cause is identified. This technique is widely used in risk analysis and problem-solving to uncover causal relationships rather than addressing symptoms.
In Scenario 3, the team explicitly used a method that involved repeatedly analyzing why each issue occurred and tracing cause-and-effect links. This description directly corresponds to the 5 Whys technique. The method supports ISO 31000's requirement to understand the sources, causes, and drivers of risk during risk analysis.
The 5W's and 1H method (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How) is typically used for information gathering rather than deep root cause analysis. Scenario analysis explores possible future situations rather than identifying root causes of existing issues. Fault tree analysis is a more complex, diagram-based technique not described in the scenario.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, selecting appropriate risk assessment techniques is essential for effective analysis. The 5 Whys technique is suitable for uncovering root causes in operational and process-related risks. Therefore, the correct answer is 5 Whys technique.
質問 # 53
In the context of risk management, which statement below regarding events is correct?
正解:B
解説:
The correct answer is C. An event can consist of something not happening. ISO 31000:2018 defines an event as the occurrence or change of a particular set of circumstances. Importantly, ISO 31000 explicitly states that an event may also involve something that was expected but did not occur, making option C correct.
This clarification is critical in risk management because many risks arise not from active incidents, but from failures, omissions, or delays. Examples include a shipment not arriving on time, a regulatory approval not being granted, or a system not activating as planned. Such non-occurrences can have significant consequences and must be considered during risk identification and analysis.
Option A is incorrect because ISO 31000 explains that an event can be a risk source, a consequence, or both, depending on context. Option B is incorrect because an event may have single or multiple occurrences, and may occur repeatedly over time. Option D is also incorrect, as ISO 31000 clearly states that events can have multiple causes and multiple consequences, reflecting the complex and interconnected nature of risk.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, correctly understanding the definition of an event ensures comprehensive risk identification and prevents organizations from overlooking risks associated with failures to act or unmet expectations. This understanding strengthens decision-making and aligns with ISO 31000's structured and comprehensive approach to managing uncertainty.
質問 # 54
On what basis should an organization determine the acceptability of a residual risk?
正解:C
解説:
The correct answer is C. A residual risk is accepted when it is equal to or below the target risk. ISO 31000:2018 explains that risk treatment aims to modify risk so that it aligns with the organization's risk criteria, which include risk appetite, tolerance, and target risk levels. Residual risk is the risk remaining after risk treatment has been applied.
An organization determines acceptability by comparing the residual risk against predefined target risk or risk acceptance criteria. When the residual risk falls within acceptable limits, meaning it is equal to or lower than the target risk, it may be accepted without further treatment. This ensures consistency, transparency, and alignment with strategic objectives.
Option A is incorrect because accepting risks higher than the target risk contradicts the purpose of risk criteria. Option B is incorrect because target risk levels vary depending on objectives, context, and appetite; they are not always low. Option D may influence decision-making but is not the formal basis defined by ISO 31000.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, clear acceptance criteria ensure disciplined and defensible risk decisions. Therefore, the correct answer is a residual risk is accepted when it is equal to or below the target risk.
質問 # 55
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