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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Services and Networking | 20% | - Understand and apply NetworkPolicies - Use Ingress rules - Troubleshoot network access - Expose applications via Services |
| Application Design and Build | 20% | - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Define, build and modify container images - Choose and use appropriate workload resources - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns |
| Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Use ServiceAccounts - Use custom resources and extensions - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Configure resource requirements, limits and quotas - Create and consume Secrets - Work with ConfigMaps - Apply application security settings |
| Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Implement probes and health checks - Work with container logs - Monitor applications using CLI tools - Debug applications in Kubernetes - Understand API deprecations |
| Application Deployment | 20% | - Use Helm package manager - Work with Kustomize - Manage Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Implement deployment strategies |
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問題 #73 
Context
You are tasked to create a secret and consume the secret in a pod using environment variables as follow:
Task
* Create a secret named another-secret with a key/value pair; key1/value4
* Start an nginx pod named nginx-secret using container image nginx, and add an environment variable exposing the value of the secret key key 1, using COOL_VARIABLE as the name for the environment variable inside the pod See the solution below.
答案：
解題說明：
Solution:
問題 #74
You're building a containerized application that needs access to a database running outside of the Kubernetes cluster You need to implement a service account With specific permissions to access tne external database using an API key.
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account:
- Create a service account YAML file named 'database-service-account.yamr with the following contents:
2. Create a Secret for the API Key: - Create a secret YAML file named 'database-api-key.yaml with the following contents:
3. Create a Role and Role8inding: - Create a Role YAML file named 'database-role.yaml with the following contents:
4. Create a ROIeBinding YAML: - Create a RoleBinding YAML file named 'database-rolebinding.yamr with the following contents:
5. Apply the YAML Files: - Apply the created YAML files using 'kubectl apply -f database-service-account.yamr , 'kubectl apply -f database-api-key.yamr, ' kubectl apply -f database-role.yamr , and 'kubectl apply -f database-rolebinding.yamr 6. Update your Deployment: - Update your application deployment to use the 'database-service-account and mount the secret containing the API key.
7. Access the External Database: - Your application container should now be able to access the external database using the API key provided in the secret.
問題 #75
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh ckad00034c
Task
A Deployment named content-marlin-deployment , running in namespace content-marlin is exposed via Ingress content-marlin-ingress .
The manifest files for the Deployment, Service and Ingress can be found at /home/candidate/content-marlin/.
The Deployment is supposed to be reachable at
http://content-marlin.local/content-marlin , but requesting this URL is currently returning an error.
答案：
解題說明：
See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Explanation:
ssh ckad00034c
You're debugging an Ingress # Service # Deployment chain. The fastest way is:
* reproduce the error with the right Host header
* check Ingress rules (host/path/backend)
* check Service (selector/port/targetPort)
* check Endpoints (do we have ready pods?)
* fix the manifest(s) under /home/candidate/content-marlin/
* apply + re-test
Below are the exact commands + the most common fixes for this exact symptom.
1) Reproduce the failing request correctly
Even if DNS isn't set up, you can test with a Host header:
curl -i -H "Host: content-marlin.local"
http://127.0.0.1/content-marlin
If your ingress controller is not on localhost, find the NodePort/LoadBalancer IP. In these labs it's often localhost via a local proxy, but if needed:
kubectl get svc -A | egrep -i 'ingress|nginx'
kubectl get nodes -o wide
(But start with the localhost curl above.)
2) Inspect the provided manifests (this is what you must edit)
cd /home/candidate/content-marlin/
ls -l
sed -n '1,200p' *.yaml
Also view what's currently live in the cluster:
kubectl -n content-marlin get deploy,svc,ingress
kubectl -n content-marlin describe ingress content-marlin-ingress
kubectl -n content-marlin get ingress content-marlin-ingress -o yaml
What to look for in the Ingress:
* spec.rules.host should be content-marlin.local
* spec.rules.http.paths[].path should match /content-marlin
* Backend service name must be your service
* Backend service port must match the service port (name or number)
* pathType should be Prefix (usually safest)
3) Validate Service # Pod wiring (most common real cause)
3.1 Check service selector and ports
kubectl -n content-marlin get svc -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin describe svc content-marlin-deployment 2>/dev/null || true kubectl -n content-marlin describe svc Identify the service that the Ingress points to (from describe ingress).
Check if the Service selector matches pod labels:
kubectl -n content-marlin get pods --show-labels
kubectl -n content-marlin get svc <SERVICE_NAME> -o jsonpath='{.spec.selector}{"\n"}'
3.2 Check endpoints (this tells you instantly if traffic can reach pods) kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints <SERVICE_NAME> -o wide
* If ENDPOINTS is empty # Service selector doesn't match Pods OR Pods aren't Ready.
3.3 If endpoints empty, check pod readiness and labels
kubectl -n content-marlin get pods -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin describe pod <pod-name>
4) Apply the most likely fix patterns
Fix pattern A: Ingress path needs rewrite
If your app serves / but you route /content-marlin, you often need rewrite.
Edit content-marlin-ingress manifest (in /home/candidate/content-marlin/) to include:
* path: /content-marlin
* pathType: Prefix
* annotation: rewrite to / (common for nginx ingress)
Example (typical nginx-ingress):
metadata:
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
rules:
- host: content-marlin.local
http:
paths:
- path: /content-marlin
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: <SERVICE_NAME>
port:
number: 80
If your ingress controller is not nginx, rewrite annotation may differ. But in CKAD labs, it's very often nginx.
Fix pattern B: Ingress points to wrong Service port
If the Ingress backend says port 80 but your Service exposes 8080 (or uses a named port), align them:
* Either change Ingress backend port.number
* Or change Service spec.ports[].port / targetPort
Fix pattern C: Service selector mismatch (endpoints empty)
If pods have label app=content-marlin but service selector is app=content-marlin-deployment (or vice versa), fix the Service selector to match pod labels.
Service should have:
spec:
selector:
app: <label-that-actually-exists-on-pods>
Fix pattern D: Service targetPort wrong
If container listens on 8080 but service targetPort is 80, fix it:
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
5) Apply the corrected manifests
After editing the YAMLs under /home/candidate/content-marlin/:
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/content-marlin/
Wait for readiness:
kubectl -n content-marlin rollout status deploy content-marlin-deployment kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints kubectl -n content-marlin describe ingress content-marlin-ingress
6) Re-test the URL
curl -i -H "Host: content-marlin.local"
http://127.0.0.1/content-marlin
If you still get errors, also check ingress controller logs/events quickly:
kubectl -n content-marlin get events --sort-by=.lastTimestamp | tail -n 30 kubectl get pods -A | egrep -i 'ingress|nginx' The fastest way for you to finish in 1 shot Run these and paste the output (I'll tell you exactly which line to change and what to change it to):
kubectl -n content-marlin describe ingress content-marlin-ingress
kubectl -n content-marlin get svc -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin get endpoints -o wide
kubectl -n content-marlin get pods --show-labels
sed -n '1,200p' /home/candidate/content-marlin/*.yaml
But even without pasting, if you follow steps 2-4 above, you'll find the broken link (Ingress rule, Service port, selector, or rewrite) and fix it cleanly.
問題 #76
You are working on a Kubernetes application that requires a scheduled job to run a data processing script every day at midnight. The script takes approximately 30 minutes to complete and requires access to a persistent volume to store its output dat a. How would you create a Job resource that meets these requirements?
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Create a Persistent Volume Claim:
- Define a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) to request the necessary storage space.
- Specify the access mode and storage class according to your cluster configuration.
2. Define the Job Resource: - Create a Job resource With a 'cronJob' schedule to trigger the execution at midnight every day. - Specify the 'backoffLimit' to control the number of retries in case of failures. - Define the 'spec-template.spec.containers' section for the container running the data processing script. - Mount the PVC to the container using 'volumeMounts'.
3. Create the Job: - Apply the Job YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f data-processing-job.yamr 4. Verify Job Execution: - Use 'kubectl get jobS to monitor the status of the Job. - Check the 'status. completionTime' to verify that the Job completed successfully. - Verity that the output data is stored in the mounted persistent volume. 5. Update the Script - Update the 'your-data-processing-script.sh" with the necessary commands to process the data and store the output in the "ldata' directory. 6. Monitor the Job: - Continuously monitor the Job's status and logs using 'kubectl logs' to ensure it runs correctly. Note: Replace 'your-image-namelatest and 'your-data-processing-scriptsh' with the actual image name and script file respectively,
問題 #77
You are deploying a resource-intensive application that requires a large amount of memory and CPU. How would you create a ResourceQuota to limit the resources consumed by this application and prevent it from impacting other workloads in the cluster?
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Define the ResourceQuota:
- Create a ResourceQuota object named resource-limit' in the namespace where the application is deployed.
- Set the resource limits for the application by specifying the maximum allowed requests for CPU and memory.
- You can also set limits for other resources, such as pods and services.
2. Apply the ResourceQuota: - Apply the ResourceQuota configuration using 'kubectl apply -f resource-limit.yaml' 3. Test the Resource Limits. - Try to create or scale the resource-intensive application beyond the defined limits. - You should receive an error indicating that the ResourceQuota has been exceeded.
問題 #78
......
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最新CKAD題庫資源: https://www.kaoguti.com/CKAD_exam-pdf.html
2026 KaoGuTi最新的CKAD PDF版考試題庫和CKAD考試問題和答案免費分享：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1V48wmX76BZaSaz-mo_T0KHv2rMGjrtjv