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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Minimize base image footprint - Understand the container build process - Sign container images and verify signatures - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Use distroless images for static workload - Understand the software supply chain best practices |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers without a security context |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Modify host components to improve security - Enable audit logging - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Understand and monitor network traffic - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Detect threats at the container level - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity |
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd |
>> Reliable Linux Foundation CKS Practice Questions <<
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NEW QUESTION # 44
SIMULATION
Analyze and edit the given Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu:latest
RUN apt-get update -y
RUN apt-install nginx -y
COPY entrypoint.sh /
ENTRYPOINT ["/entrypoint.sh"]
USER ROOT
Fixing two instructions present in the file being prominent security best practice issues Analyze and edit the deployment manifest file apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata:
name: security-context-demo-2
spec:
securityContext:
runAsUser: 1000
containers:
- name: sec-ctx-demo-2
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
runAsUser: 0
privileged: True
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Fixing two fields present in the file being prominent security best practice issues Don't add or remove configuration settings; only modify the existing configuration settings Whenever you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user test-user with the user id 5487
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 45
SIMULATION
Given an existing Pod named nginx-pod running in the namespace test-system, fetch the service-account-name used and put the content in /candidate/KSC00124.txt Create a new Role named dev-test-role in the namespace test-system, which can perform update operations, on resources of type namespaces.
Create a new RoleBinding named dev-test-role-binding, which binds the newly created Role to the Pod's ServiceAccount ( found in the Nginx pod running in namespace test-system).
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 46
SIMULATION
Context
A Role bound to a Pod's ServiceAccount grants overly permissive permissions. Complete the following tasks to reduce the set of permissions.
Task
Given an existing Pod named web-pod running in the namespace security.
Edit the existing Role bound to the Pod's ServiceAccount sa-dev-1 to only allow performing watch operations, only on resources of type services.
Create a new Role named role-2 in the namespace security, which only allows performing update operations, only on resources of type namespaces.
Create a new RoleBinding named role-2-binding binding the newly created Role to the Pod's ServiceAccount.
Answer:
Explanation:
SeetheExplanationbelowExplanation:
NEW QUESTION # 47
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, bom Command Help bom-help
You must connect to the correct host. Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000035
Task
The alpine Deployment in the alpine namespace has three containers that run different versions of the alpine image.
First, find out which version of the alpine image contains the libcrypto3 package at version 3.1.4-r5.
Next, use the pre-installed bom tool to create an SPDX document for the identified image version at /home/candidate/alpine.spdx.
You can find the bom tool documentation at bom.
Finally, update the alpine Deployment and remove the container that uses the idenfied image version.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml.
Do not modify any other containers of the Deployment.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000035
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) List the 3 container names + images in the Deployment
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You'll get 3 lines like:
c1 alpine:3.xx
c2 alpine:3.yy
c3 alpine:3.zz
3) Identify which alpine image has libcrypto3 at 3.1.4-r5
Fastest reliable method (since it's Alpine, just query apk inside each image):
Run these one-by-one for each image you saw in step 2:
docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_1> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_2> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1' docker run --rm <ALPINE_IMAGE_3> sh -c 'apk info -v libcrypto3 2>/dev/null | head -n1'
✅ The correct image is the one that prints exactly:
libcrypto3-3.1.4-r5
Note that full image tag, e.g.:
IMG=alpine:3.xx
4) Create SPDX document with bom for that identified image
(Use the identified image from step 3.)
bom generate --image $IMG --format spdx --output /home/candidate/alpine.spdx Verify file exists:
ls -l /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
5) Remove ONLY the container that uses that image version
The manifest to edit is:
vi /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
In the spec.template.spec.containers: list, find the container entry whose image: equals the identified $IMG, and delete that one container block only (name/image/ports/etc for that container).
Save:
:wq
6) Apply the updated Deployment (do not change other containers)
kubectl apply -f /home/candidate/alpine-deployment.yaml
Wait rollout:
kubectl -n alpine rollout status deployment/alpine
7) Verify only 2 containers remain
kubectl -n alpine get deploy alpine -o jsonpath='{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.name}{"\t"}{.image}{"\n"}{end}' You should now see 2 lines, and the $IMG line should be gone.
If bom generate ... errors (quick fix)
Check exact syntax on that system:
bom --help
bom generate --help
Then rerun with the flags it expects, keeping:
image = $IMG
output = /home/candidate/alpine.spdx
format = spdx
NEW QUESTION # 48
You are running a critical application within a Kubernetes cluster, and you need to implement a robust security posture to prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive dat
a. The application uses a PostgreSQL database, and you want to enforce strong access control for the database while ensuring the database pods are not directly accessible from the internet Describe how you would implement the following security measures using Kubernetes resources and tools:
1. Network Policy: Create a network policy that restricts access to the PostgreSQL database pods to only the application pods.
2. Pod Security Policies: Enforce strong security policies for the database pods, including restrictions on capabilities, resource usage, and privileged
access.
3. Secret Management Securely store the database credentials using a Kubernetes secret, ensuring that only authorized application pods can access
them.
4. Logging and Monitoring: Implement logging and monitoring for the PostgreSQL database pods to detect any potential security threats or anomalies.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Network Policy:
1. Create a network policy:
2. Apply the network policy: basn kubectl apply -f postgres-access-policy.yaml 2. Pod Security Policies: 1. Create a Pod Security Policy:
2. Apply the Pod Security Policy: bash kubectl apply -f postgres-psp.yaml 3. Apply the PSP to the PostgreSQL deployment:
3. Secret Management: 1. Create a secret for the database credentials: bash kubectl create secret generic postgres-credentials --from-literal--username=postgres --from-literal-password-your-password 2. Mount the secret in the PostgreSQL pod:
4. Logging and Monitoring: 1. Configure logging for the PostgreSQL pods: - Use a logging solution like Fluentd or EFK (Elasticsearch, Fluentd, Kibana) to collect logs from the PostgreSQL pods. - Configure the logging solution to capture both application logs and database logs. 2. Implement monitoring: - Use Prometheus and Grafana to monitor the PostgreSQL pods for metrics like CPIJ usage, memory consumption, and database queries. - Set up alerts for any unusual activity or performance degradation- Important Notes: - Replace 'your-namespace' with your actual namespace. - Replace 'your-application' with the name of your application- - Ensure that the service account 'postgres-sa' has access to the secret. - You may need to adjust the PSP based on your specific security requirements. This approach provides a comprehensive security posture for your PostgreSQL database within a Kubernetes cluster, ensuring data integrity and access control while providing the necessary monitoring and logging for early threat detection.
NEW QUESTION # 49
......
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