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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Incident Investigation and Learning | 10-15% | - Incident Classification and Severity - Investigation Report Development - Root Cause Analysis Methods - Lessons Learned and Knowledge Management - Trending and Performance Metrics |
| Topic 2: Risk Assessment and Analysis | 20-25% | - Hazard Identification (HAZID) - Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) - Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) - Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) - Event Tree Analysis (ETA) - Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) - Bow-Tie Analysis |
| Topic 3: Management of Change (MOC) | 8-12% | - Personnel and Organizational Changes - Technical Review and Risk Assessment - MOC Process Requirements - Temporary vs. Permanent Changes |
| Topic 4: Operating Procedures and Practices | 10-15% | - Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) - Startup and Shutdown Procedures - Permit-to-Work Systems - Safe Work Practices - Operations Training and Competency |
| Topic 5: Regulatory Compliance and Auditing | 5-10% | - International Process Safety Standards - Process Safety Auditing Techniques - OSHA PSM Requirements - EPA RMP Regulations - Compliance Verification Methods |
| Topic 6: Process Safety Engineering Fundamentals | 15-20% | - Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals - Fire and Explosion Dynamics - Thermodynamics and Reaction Hazards - Equipment Design and Integrity - Toxicology and Exposure Assessment |
| Topic 7: Emergency Planning and Response | 5-10% | - Inherently Safer Design Principles - Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) - Emergency Response Planning - Containment and Mitigation Barriers |
| Topic 8: Process Safety Management Systems | 15-20% | - Continuous Improvement Frameworks - Management Leadership and Commitment - Policy and Strategic Planning - Elements of PSM Systems |
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質問 # 24
An organization with strong Conduct of Operations is able to minimize: (select all that apply)
正解：B、C、D
解説：
The correct answers are A, C, and D because strong Conduct of Operations (CoO) ensures disciplined, consistent, and well-understood operational practices, which directly reduce errors and unsafe behaviors.
Option A (misunderstanding of expectations) is minimized because CoO emphasizes clear communication, defined roles, and standardized procedures , ensuring that operators understand exactly what is expected of them.
Option C (normalization of deviation) is also minimized. One of the key goals of CoO is to prevent gradual acceptance of unsafe practices. By enforcing strict adherence to procedures and promoting a questioning attitude, organizations avoid drifting away from safe operating limits.
Option D (frequency of process safety incidents) is reduced because consistent and disciplined operations lower the likelihood of human error, procedural violations, and unsafe conditions , all of which are major contributors to incidents.
Option B is incorrect because CoO does not aim to reduce training frequency; in fact, it may reinforce the need for ongoing training . Option E is also incorrect because audits are a management system requirement and are not reduced by CoO.
CCPS highlights that strong Conduct of Operations promotes operational discipline, reliability, and safety , directly improving process safety performance.
質問 # 25
Which of the following is not a leading metric for emergency management?
正解：C
解説：
The correct answer is A because it represents a lagging indicator , not a leading metric.
CCPS distinguishes between leading and lagging indicators in process safety. Leading indicators are proactive measures that monitor system performance and help prevent incidents before they occur. In contrast, lagging indicators measure outcomes after an event has already happened , such as incidents, injuries, or losses.
Option A (number of actual process safety incidents in the past year) is clearly a lagging metric , as it reflects failures that have already occurred. While useful for tracking historical performance, it does not help proactively improve emergency preparedness.
Options B, C, and D are all leading indicators . The number of trained responders (B) reflects preparedness and capability. The number of plan revisions (C) indicates continuous improvement and updating of emergency procedures. The number of realistic drills (D) demonstrates active testing and validation of emergency response systems.
CCPS emphasizes that effective emergency management relies heavily on leading indicators , as they provide early insight into readiness and allow organizations to address gaps before an actual emergency occurs.
質問 # 26
Austenitic stainless steels are typically susceptible to which of the following corrosion mechanisms specifically attributed to chloride exposure? (Select all that apply)
正解：B、D
解説：
The correct answers are A (Stress Corrosion Cracking) and C (Pitting Corrosion) because both are well- known chloride-induced damage mechanisms affecting austenitic stainless steels, as emphasized in CCPS Mechanical Integrity guidance. Chloride ions are particularly aggressive toward the passive oxide layer that protects stainless steel. When this protective film is locally broken down, pitting corrosion occurs, leading to highly localized attack that can penetrate deeply while leaving most of the surface intact. This makes detection difficult and increases the likelihood of sudden failure.
Additionally, chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC) occurs when tensile stress (residual or applied), a susceptible material (such as austenitic stainless steel), and a corrosive chloride environment are present simultaneously. This mechanism can lead to brittle, catastrophic cracking with little prior warning, which is why CCPS highlights it as a critical degradation mechanism in process equipment.
Galvanic corrosion (B) requires two dissimilar metals electrically connected in an electrolyte and is not specifically caused by chloride exposure alone. Uniform corrosion (D) is a general material loss across the surface and is not the primary concern for stainless steels in chloride environments, where localized attack dominates.
Proper Mechanical Integrity programs per CCPS require identification of such damage mechanisms, material selection, inspection strategies, and monitoring to prevent unexpected failures.
質問 # 27 
During a field inspection of the process piping in a production unit, a section of piping is identified as containing a dead leg in which stagnant liquid is trapped. It is determined that this dead leg branch line is used very infrequently. Assume that the plant is in a location where winter temperatures drop below 20°F (-7°C) and summer temperatures can exceed 90°F (32°C). Which of the following are valid process safety reasons to remove the line? (Select all that apply)
正解：C、D
解説：
The correct answers are B and D because they directly relate to process safety risks associated with mechanical integrity and loss of containment .
Option B is correct because stagnant liquid in a dead leg can freeze in cold temperatures , especially below 20°
F. When water or process liquid freezes, it expands, which can lead to pipe rupture or cracking , creating a potential loss of containment scenario. This is a well-recognized hazard in cold climates and is specifically addressed in CCPS guidance on mechanical integrity and design for environmental conditions.
Option D is also correct because stagnant fluids promote localized corrosion mechanisms , such as pitting or microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Dead legs are particularly vulnerable because there is little or no flow , allowing corrosive species to concentrate and degrade the pipe wall over time.
Option A is not a process safety reason-it is an economic consideration. Option C relates to occupational safety (trip hazard) , not process safety.
CCPS emphasizes eliminating dead legs where possible because they are common sources of corrosion, blockage, and integrity failure , all of which can lead to hazardous releases.
質問 # 28
Workforce involvement metrics can involve (select all that apply):
正解：A、C
解説：
The correct answers are B and C because workforce involvement metrics in CCPS RBPS focus on active participation, engagement, and feedback from personnel in process safety activities.
B (number of safety suggestions submitted) is a direct indicator of workforce engagement. A high number of suggestions reflects a proactive safety culture where employees are encouraged to identify hazards and propose improvements. CCPS highlights employee participation as a key contributor to strong process safety performance.
C (comments on training content and refresher frequency) is also a valid workforce involvement metric. It reflects how actively employees engage with training programs and provide feedback to improve their effectiveness. This aligns with CCPS emphasis on continuous learning and workforce input.
Options A (loss of containment incidents) and E (past due PHA action items) are lagging or compliance metrics , not direct measures of workforce involvement. D (nuisance alarm rate) relates to alarm management and system performance rather than employee participation.
CCPS distinguishes between participation metrics (leading indicators of engagement) and outcome metrics (incident-based or system performance). Workforce involvement metrics specifically track how well personnel are contributing to and engaging with process safety systems, which is critical for sustaining a strong safety culture.
質問 # 29
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