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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Dimensions of Care | 50% | - Health Promotion and Illness Prevention - Assessment and Diagnosis - Chronic Care - Acute Care |
| Topic 2: Physician Activities | 50% | - Management - Communication - Professional Behaviours - Psychosocial Aspects |
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NEW QUESTION # 294
A 29-year-old man comes to the office for an initial visit. He is being treated for schizophrenia and epilepsy.
He has a 20 pack-year history of smoking. His medications are carbamazepine, clozapine, and quetiapine. In the past year, he has gained a considerable amount of weight. Asidefrom a BMI of 32, the results of his physical examination are unremarkable. Which one of the following conditions should he be investigated for?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Clozapine and quetiapine are associated with significant weight gain and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
With a BMI of 32 and weight gain over the past year, screening for diabetes is appropriate and evidence- based.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Psychiatry Sections:
"Second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Regular screening is recommended for patients with these risk factors." MCCQE1 Objectives - Internal Medicine > Endocrinology:
"Candidates should screen high-risk individuals, especially those on antipsychotics with weight gain, for diabetes using fasting glucose or HbA1c." While sleep apnea (C) is also possible, diabetes screening is the most appropriate and urgent next step in this patient. COPD (A) would present with respiratory symptoms. Cushing's (B) and acromegaly (E) are less common and have other distinct features.
NEW QUESTION # 295
A 54-year-old man presents to the office because of progressively severe frontal headaches that are worse in the morning. He also has a chronic productive cough. He has a 30 pack-year history of smoking tobacco cigarettes. His blood pressure is 160/95 mm Hg. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: E
Explanation:
This presentation has "red flags" for raised intracranial pressure: headaches that are progressive, worse in the morning, and worsened by coughing/valsalva. In MCCQE objectives, these features require urgent evaluation for secondary causes (e.g., intracranial mass, hemorrhage, obstructive hydrocephalus) rather than empiric treatment for primary headache. His chronic cough and heavy smoking increase concern for an underlying malignancy with possible brain metastasis or paraneoplastic processes, further strengthening the indication for neuroimaging. Therefore, the best next step is CT head (often the fastest initial test to identify mass effect, hemorrhage, or hydrocephalus; MRI may follow depending on findings).
Treating presumed migraine with a triptan is inappropriate when secondary headache is possible and could also pose vascular risk. His blood pressure is elevated but not in a hypertensive emergency and does not explain these classic intracranial pressure features; serial BP monitoring or starting antihypertensives should not delay imaging. Temporal arteritis is less likely without temporal tenderness, jaw claudication, visual symptoms, or systemic inflammatory clues.
NEW QUESTION # 296
A 33-year-old primigravid woman presents to the office with gestational hypertension. Her pregnancy is at 37 weeks' gestation. The ultrasound findings are as follows:
Head circumference: 5th percentile
Biparietal diameter: 10th percentile
Abdominal circumference: 5th percentile
Femur length: 25th percentile
Amniotic fluid volume: 5.0 cm
Umbilical Doppler: Reversed end-diastolic flow
Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: E
Explanation:
This pregnancy demonstrates fetal growth restriction (FGR) with biometric measurements at or below the
10th percentile and oligohydramnios (AFI 5 cm). Most concerning is the finding of reversed end-diastolic flow (REDF) in the umbilical artery Doppler, which indicates severe placental insufficiency and significantly increased risk of fetal hypoxia, acidosis, and intrauterine demise. MCCQE objectives emphasize that abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings-particularly absent or reversed end-diastolic flow-represent critical fetal compromise.
At 37 weeks' gestation, the fetus is term. The risks of continued intrauterine exposure in the setting of REDF outweigh the risks of delivery. Therefore, immediate delivery is indicated. Expectant management with nonstress testing or delayed reassessment is inappropriate because REDF is associated with high perinatal mortality.
Prompt delivery (often by cesarean section depending on fetal status and cervical factors) is required to prevent stillbirth and severe neonatal morbidity.
NEW QUESTION # 297
A 72-year-old man reports that his wife says he has hearing trouble. Examination reveals that air conduction on the right side is less than on the left side and greater than bone conduction bilaterally. He hears a tuning fork placed on the top of his head better with his left ear. Which one of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The patient demonstrates signs of asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In Weber test, sound localizes to the better ear in SNHL. Air conduction > bone conduction on Rinne test bilaterally supports SNHL. Audiometry is the best next diagnostic step to quantify and characterize the hearing loss.
Toronto Notes 2023 - ENT, "Hearing Loss":
"Audiometry is the first-line investigation to distinguish conductive from sensorineural hearing loss and to assess severity and frequency involvement." MCCQE1 Objectives (Medicine > ENT > 20-1):
"Candidates must know the approach to hearing loss and interpret Weber and Rinne tests to guide investigations such as audiometry." Imaging (A, C) is reserved for red flags such as unilateral persistent SNHL, which may later prompt MRI to rule out acoustic neuroma. Wax removal (D) is for conductive loss. Hearing aids (E) are management, not diagnostic, and come after audiologic evaluation.
NEW QUESTION # 298
A 42-year-old man presents for a follow-up visit for mild hypertension. His blood pressure has been consistently elevated over the last 2 visits. In discussion with the patient, you decide to initiate antihypertensives. He had previously been on ramipril and stopped when he developed tongue swelling. His past medical history consists of asthma and hyperlipidemia. Which one of the following is the most appropriate treatment at this time?
Answer: E
Explanation:
This patient requires antihypertensive therapy for persistent mild hypertension. He previously developed tongue swelling on ramipril , consistent with ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema , which is a contraindication to further ACE inhibitor use (e.g., enalapril). MCCQE objectives emphasize avoiding re-exposure to ACE inhibitors after angioedema due to risk of recurrence, which can be life-threatening.
Beta-blockers such as metoprolol are not first-line for uncomplicated hypertension and should be used cautiously in patients with asthma due to risk of bronchospasm (even though cardioselective agents are safer, alternatives are preferred). Clonidine and hydralazine are not first-line agents for chronic management due to side effects and rebound hypertension risk.
A thiazide diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide) is an appropriate first-line therapy for uncomplicated hypertension.
Thiazides have strong evidence for cardiovascular risk reduction and are suitable in patients without contraindications.
Thus, hydrochlorothiazide is the most appropriate initial therapy in this patient.
NEW QUESTION # 299
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