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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Group Behavior and Dynamics | - Group development stages - Conflict and negotiation - Power and political behavior - Team building and teamwork - Group structure and roles |
| Leadership Theories | - Contingency theories - Trait approaches to leadership - Transformational vs transactional leadership - Behavioral approaches - Contemporary leadership perspectives |
| Individual Behavior and Personality | - Perception and attribution - Personality traits and theories - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom) - Individual decision-making - Attitudes and job satisfaction |
| Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational culture dimensions - Organizational change and development - Organizational structure types - Organizational communication - Organizational design principles |
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問題 #23
When is organizational culture a liability?
答案：C
解題說明：
While a strong culture can be a significant asset by improving employee commitment and reducing ambiguity, it can also become aliabilityunder certain conditions. One of the most critical liabilities occurswhen a strong organizational culture limits diversity within the organization. Because a strong culture pressures employees to conform to accepted values and behaviors, it can create a "mismatch" for people who bring different perspectives or backgrounds.
Strong cultures often act as a barrier to change because they lead to institutionalization, where behaviors are followed blindly without question. This can be particularly damaging during mergers or acquisitions, where two conflicting strong cultures may fail to integrate. Furthermore, when the shared values do not align with the organization's effectiveness in a changing environment, the culture becomes a "barrier to diversity" and a
"barrier to change". Management must therefore balance the benefits of a cohesive culture with the need for diverse viewpoints that prevent "groupthink" and allow the organization to remain adaptable.
問題 #24
A manager treats an employee with a free lunch to encourage the employee to continue to do well. Which kind of reward is provided?
答案：D
解題說明：
Motivation in the workplace is often driven by a system of rewards, which are generally categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic types.Intrinsic rewardsare internal to the individual and come from the work itself; examples include a sense of accomplishment, personal growth, or the satisfaction of completing a difficult task. These are self-granted rewards.
Extrinsic rewards, conversely, are tangible rewards given by another person (usually a manager or the organization) to an employee for performing a specific task or behavior. These include salary increases, bonuses, promotions, benefits, and even smaller tokens like a free lunch. In this scenario, the free lunch is a physical, external incentive provided by the manager to reinforce the employee's positive performance. While intrinsic rewards are essential for long-term engagement and "meaningful" work, extrinsic rewards like a free meal are effective for immediate reinforcement and recognizing specific achievements. According to reinforcement theory, providing such a reward immediately following a desired behavior (doing well at work) increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. Because the lunch is an external, tangible benefit provided by the manager rather than an internal feeling of satisfaction derived from the task itself, it is classified as an extrinsic reward.
問題 #25
In organizing a team to develop a new product for entry into the electronics market, management wanted to assign team members having characteristics common to effective teams. Which list specifies common characteristics of effective teams?
答案：C
解題說明：
The effectiveness of a team is generally categorized by its composition, context, and process. According to the Big Five Personality Model and team research, effective teams are typically composed of individuals who score high onemotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These traits help maintain a positive working environment and reduce interpersonal friction. Furthermore, teams must ensure that they have people to fill variousrole demands-meaning that all necessary tasks and social-maintenance functions are being performed by someone within the group.
Crucially, effective teams do not necessarily have an "absence of conflict" (which refutes option C). Instead, they maintain amanageable level of conflict. Specifically, "task conflict"-disagreements over the content of the work-can actually stimulate discussion and lead to better decisions, provided that "relationship conflict" (interpersonal animosity) remains low. Therefore, a team that is emotionally stable, fulfills its role requirements, and handles conflict constructively is much more likely to succeed in a high-pressure environment like the electronics market than one that simply tries to avoid all disagreement.
問題 #26
A team was assigned a project. Halfway through the project, however, it became obvious that the team was failing to meet expectations. Management had made sure that individuals assigned to the team had strong technical expertise as well as problem-solving and decision-making skills. However, other abilities for effective teamwork were overlooked. Which ability necessary for team members was overlooked?
答案：B
解題說明：
To perform effectively, a team requires three different types of skills. First, it needs people with technical expertise to perform the task at hand. Second, it needs people with problem-solving and decision-making skills to be able to identify problems, generate alternatives, and make competent choices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly for group cohesion, a team needs people with stronginterpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills include effective listening, feedback, and conflict resolution.
In the scenario provided, the team had the "hard" skills (technical and analytical) but lacked the "soft" skills required to navigate the social complexities of working as a unit. Without interpersonal skills, a team may have the smartest individuals but still fail because they cannot communicate effectively or resolve the inevitable friction that arises during a long-term project. While "propensity for social loafing" is a behavior to avoid, and "authoritarian personality" is often a hindrance, the foundational "ability" cited in organizational behavior literature as a prerequisite for team success alongside technical and problem-solving skills is interpersonal competence.
問題 #27
Management has noticed that the accounting work group is having difficulty because group members seem to be working in different directions. Which suggested action can the company take to increase group cohesiveness?
答案：D
解題說明：
Group cohesiveness refers to the degree to which members are attracted to one another and are motivated to remain part of the group. When members are "working in different directions," it indicates a lack of alignment and shared purpose. One of the most effective structural methods to foster unity is togive group rewards rather than individual rewards. When rewards are tied to the collective output of the team, members are incentivized to collaborate, share information, and support one another to ensure the entire group succeeds.
Individual rewards often foster internal competition, which can further fragment a group that is already struggling with alignment.
In addition to group-based rewards, other strategies to increase cohesiveness include making the group smaller, increasing the time members spend together, and stimulating competition withothergroups (rather than avoiding it). By shifting the focus from individual achievement to collective success, the organization encourages members to coordinate their efforts, thereby increasing the "we-feeling" necessary for high- performing teams.
問題 #28
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Organizational-Behavior題庫: https://www.vcesoft.com/Organizational-Behavior-pdf.html
P.S. VCESoft在Google Drive上分享了免費的2026 WGU Organizational-Behavior考試題庫：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1NnTsve74I4D5fMaIZVqtBbzD52-o4tPx