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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Topic 2: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards |
| Topic 3: Asymmetric Cryptography | - RSA Algorithm - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Cryptography | - Stream Ciphers - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Key Management |
| Topic 5: Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Topic 6: Applied Cryptography | - Cryptographic Best Practices - PGP and Email Encryption - VPN Security - SSL/TLS Protocols |
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問題 #31
(Which certificate encoding process is binary-based?)
答案：D
解題說明：
DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) is a binary encoding format used to represent ASN.1 structures in a canonical, unambiguous way. X.509 certificates are defined using ASN.1, and DER provides a strict subset of BER (Basic Encoding Rules) that guarantees a single, unique encoding for any given data structure. That
"unique encoding" property is important for cryptographic operations such as hashing and digital signatures, because different encodings of the same abstract data could otherwise produce different hashes and break signature verification. In contrast, PEM is not a binary encoding; it is essentially a Base64-encoded text wrapper around DER data, bounded by header/footer lines (e.g., "BEGIN CERTIFICATE"). PKI is an overall framework for certificate issuance, trust, and lifecycle management-not an encoding. RSA is an asymmetric algorithm used for encryption/signing, not a certificate encoding format. Therefore, the binary-based certificate encoding process among the options is DER.
問題 #32
(What is the relationship between Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)?)
答案：A
解題說明：
TLS is the modern successor to SSL. SSL (notably SSL 2.0 and SSL 3.0) was an early protocol family for securing network communications, providing encryption, integrity, and endpoint authentication for applications like HTTPS. Over time, weaknesses were discovered in SSL's design and in the cryptographic mechanisms commonly used with it. TLS was introduced as an improved, standardized evolution (starting with TLS 1.0, based on SSL 3.0 but with important fixes), and later versions (TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3) significantly strengthened security by removing weak ciphers, improving key exchange, and tightening handshake and record protections. In practice, when people say "SSL" today, they often mean "TLS," but true SSL is deprecated and should not be used. SSL is not a replacement of TLS, and the two are not identical in security-TLS versions incorporate substantial improvements and modern cryptographic best practices. SSL is also not limited to email; it was widely used for web traffic and other protocols. Therefore, the correct relationship is that TLS replaced SSL to provide improved security.
問題 #33
(An organization wants to digitally sign its software to guarantee the integrity of its source code. Which key should the customer use to decrypt the digest of the source code?)
答案：B
解題說明：
When software is digitally signed, the organization computes a cryptographic hash (digest) of the software (or its manifest) and then signs that digest using the organization's private key. Verification works in the opposite direction: the customer (verifier) uses the organization's public key to validate the signature and recover
/confirm the signed digest, then independently hashes the received software and compares the result. If the digests match and the signature validates under the public key, the customer has strong assurance that the software has not been altered since it was signed and that it was signed by the holder of the corresponding private key. The customer never needs the organization's private key-sharing it would destroy security and enable forgery. Likewise, the customer's own keys are irrelevant to verifying the publisher's signature. The organization's public key is typically delivered inside a certificate chain (code signing certificate) so the verifier can also validate publisher identity and trust. Therefore, the customer uses the organization's public key for signature verification (often described as "decrypting" the signed digest).
問題 #34
(Which encryption algorithm encrypts with one key, decrypts with another key, and then encrypts with the first key?)
答案：C
解題說明：
3DES (Triple DES) commonly uses an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence. In the two-key form, it encrypts with key K1, decrypts with key K2, then encrypts again with K1. In the three-key form, it encrypts with K1, decrypts with K2, then encrypts with K3. The EDE construction was chosen partly for backward compatibility: if K1=K2=K3, the scheme reduces to single DES, allowing older systems to interoperate in constrained ways. AES and IDEA do not use an EDE triple-stage process as their defining structure; they are single-pass block ciphers with internal rounds. DES is a single-pass algorithm (one key) rather than a triple application with multiple keys. Therefore, the algorithm described-encrypt with one key, decrypt with another, encrypt with the first-is 3DES. Although now considered legacy, it remains a classic example of increasing effective security by applying a block cipher multiple times with independent keys.
問題 #35
(How often are transactions added to a blockchain?)
答案：A
解題說明：
For Bitcoin, transactions are confirmed by inclusion in blocks, and the network targets an average block interval of about 10 minutes. That means transactions are "added" to the Bitcoin blockchain approximately every 10 minutes in the sense that a new block containing a batch of transactions is appended at that cadence. The 10-minute target is achieved by a difficulty adjustment mechanism that recalibrates mining difficulty roughly every 2016 blocks, aiming to keep the average interval stable despite changes in total network hash power. It is important to note that this is an average: blocks can be found faster or slower in the short term due to the probabilistic nature of proof-of-work mining.
Other blockchains have different block times (seconds to minutes), but the question's options and typical curriculum context align with Bitcoin's 10-minute design. Therefore, the correct choice is approximately every 10 minutes.
問題 #36
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