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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: File Systems and Storage Media Analysis | 15% | - Metadata analysis - Recovering deleted and hidden data - FAT, NTFS, EXT file systems - Disk structures and partitions |
| Topic 2: Computer Forensics Fundamentals | 15% | - Concepts and principles of digital forensics - Roles and responsibilities of forensic investigators - Types of digital evidence - Legal and ethical frameworks - Forensic readiness planning |
| Topic 3: Digital Evidence Acquisition and Preservation | 15% | - Storage and transport of evidence - Forensic imaging and verification - Evidence integrity and hashing - Data acquisition methods and tools |
| Topic 4: Dark Web and Anti-Forensics | 10% | - Anti-forensics techniques - Detecting and countering anti-forensics - Tor browser and artifact analysis - Dark web concepts and tools |
| Topic 5: Network and Web Forensics | 10% | - Network logs and traffic analysis - Web server and application logs - Investigating web attacks - Email and messaging forensics |
| Topic 6: Malware and Incident Response Forensics | 10% | - Forensics in incident response - Malware artifacts and indicators - Reporting and documentation - Static and dynamic malware analysis |
| Topic 7: Operating System Forensics | 10% | - Mac OS forensics - System artifacts and logs - Linux forensics - Windows forensics |
| Topic 8: Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 15% | - Chain of custody and evidence handling - Post-investigation and reporting - Pre-investigation phase - Investigation phase |
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NEW QUESTION # 44
David, a cybercriminal, targeted a community and initiated anti-social campaigns online. In this process, he used a layer of the web that allowed him to maintain anonymity during the campaign.
Which of the following layers of the web allowed David to hide his presence during the anti-social campaign?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The layer of the web most associated withmaintaining anonymityfor users and services is theDark Web. In digital forensics terminology, the Dark Web refers to services hosted on overlay networks (such as Tor hidden services) that arenot indexed by standard search enginesand are typically accessible only through specialized software and configurations. Its core characteristic is that it is deliberately designed to reduce traceability by routing traffic through multiple relays and separating identifying information (like the user's real IP address) from the destination. This makes attribution and geolocation significantly harder using traditional network logs alone, which is why adversaries often choose it to conduct covert communications, host content, or coordinate campaigns.
By contrast, theSurface Web(the regular, indexed portion of the web) is generally reachable through normal browsers and is easier to monitor and attribute using conventional ISP, server, and platform logs. "World Wide Web" is a general term for web content accessed via HTTP/HTTPS and does not specifically imply anonymity. TheDeep Webrefers to content not indexed by search engines (e.g., webmail, databases, authenticated portals), but it is not inherently anonymizing-many deep web resources are simply private or access-controlled. Therefore, the layer enabling David to hide his presence is theDark Web (C).
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which of the following file systems of Windows replaces the first letter of a deleted file name with the hex byte code "e5h"?
Answer: C
Explanation:
InFAT (File Allocation Table)file systems (FAT12/16/32), directory entries are fixed-size records that include an8.3 filename field. When a file is deleted, FAT typically does not immediately erase the file's content; instead, it marks the directory entry as deleted by replacing thefirst character of the filenamewith the special marker byte0xE5(often written asE5h). This is a key forensic behavior because it means the file's metadata entry may still be present in the directory table, and the data clusters may remain recoverable until they are reused and overwritten. Examiners can often reconstruct the original filename's first character only through context or by correlating other artifacts, but the remainder of the directory entry (timestamps, size, starting cluster) can still assist recovery.
The other options do not match this mechanism.NTFSuses Master File Table records and marks deletions differently (file record flags and index changes), not by overwriting the first filename byte with E5h.EFSis an encryption feature layered on NTFS, not a distinct file system deletion marker.FHSis a UNIX/Linux directory layout standard, unrelated to Windows disk structures. Therefore, the correct answer isFAT (A).
NEW QUESTION # 46
Which of the following commands can an investigator use to parse GPTs of both types of hard disks, including those formatted with either UEFI or MBR?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In forensic examinations, investigators must correctly interpret a disk'spartitioning schemebecause it determines where volumes begin, where file systems reside, and how to validate acquisition completeness.
Modern systems may useGPT(commonly associated with UEFI) while legacy systems often useMBR. A practical forensic command therefore needs to detect and parse partition informationregardless of whether the disk uses MBR or GPT, and present the results in a consistent, investigator-friendly output for verification and downstream analysis (e.g., selecting the correct partition offsets for imaging or mounting).
Get-ForensicPartitionTableis designed for exactly this role in forensic PowerShell tooling: it parses partition table structures in a forensically oriented manner and supports disks partitioned usingeither MBR or GPT.
That "forensic" emphasis typically means it reads raw structures directly, reports partition entries and offsets, and helps avoid ambiguity when the protective MBR (present on GPT disks) could confuse simplistic parsers.
By contrast,Get-BootSectortargets boot sector/VBR data rather than the full partition layout;Get-GPTis GPT- specific and does not cover MBR-only disks; andGet-PartitionTableis a more generic label that may not guarantee dual-scheme forensic parsing. Therefore, the correct option isC.
NEW QUESTION # 47
Bob, a forensic investigator, is investigating a live Windows system found at a crime scene. In this process, Bob extracted subkeys containing information such as SAM, Security, and software using an automated tool called FTK Imager.
Which of the following Windows Registry hives' subkeys provide the above information to Bob?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Windows forensics, the Registry is organized into logical root keys ("hives") that aggregate configuration and security data. The items named in the question-SAM,SECURITY, andSOFTWARE-aresystem-wide registry hivesstored on disk (typically under the system's configuration directory) and loaded at runtime underHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM). Investigators rely on these hives because they contain high- value evidence: theSAMhive stores local account database information (including user and group identifiers and credential-related material), theSECURITYhive holds system security policy and LSA-related settings, and theSOFTWAREhive contains installed software, application configuration, and many operating system settings relevant for program execution and persistence analysis.
Tools likeFTK Imagercan extract these hives (or their live-memory representations) during triage to preserve volatile context and enable offline parsing while maintaining evidentiary integrity. The other root keys do not match these specific hives:HKEY_CURRENT_USERis per-user profile data, HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIGreflects current hardware profile, andHKEY_CLASSES_ROOTis primarily file association/COM class mapping (largely derived from HKLM\Software\Classes and HKCU\Software\Classes). Therefore, the correct hive root that provides SAM, SECURITY, and SOFTWARE subkeys isHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (B).
NEW QUESTION # 48
Bob, a security specialist at an organization, extracted the following IIS log from a Windows-based server:
"2019-12-12
06:11:41 192.168.0.10 GET /images/content/bg_body1.jpg - 80 - 192.168.0.27 Mozilla/5.0+(Windows+NT+6.
3;+WOW64)+AppleWebKit/537.36+(KHTML,+like+Gecko)+Chrome/48.0.2564.103+Safari/537.36
http://www.moviescope.com/css/style.css 200 0 0 365"
Identify the element in the above IIS log entry that indicates the request was fulfilled without error.
Answer: B
Explanation:
In Microsoft IIS (W3C Extended) logging, each request line records multiple standardized fields that help investigators reconstruct what was accessed, by whom, and with what outcome. Among these fields, the most direct indicator of whether the server successfully handled the request is theHTTP status codecaptured in thesc-statusfield. A status code of200means"OK", indicating the server located the requested resource (here,
/images/content/bg_body1.jpg) and returned it successfully to the client without application-level failure.
Other numbers in the entry represent different attributes:80is the server port used for the HTTP request,
192values appear as part of IP addressing (client/server addresses), and537is embedded in the user-agent string (AppleWebKit build number), not a success indicator. IIS often logs additional substatus and Win32 status values (e.g.,sc-substatusandsc-win32-status) to refine the outcome; in the shown line, those follow the
200 as "200 0 0 ...", reinforcing that no substatus error or OS-level error occurred. Therefore,200is the element confirming the request was fulfilled without error.
NEW QUESTION # 49
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