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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cloud Native Application Delivery | 8% | - Deployment Strategies
|
| Topic 2: Container Orchestration | 22% | - Service Mesh
|
| Topic 3: Cloud Native Architecture | 16% | - Architecture Concepts
|
| Topic 4: Kubernetes Fundamentals | 46% | - Kubernetes Resources
|
| Topic 5: Cloud Native Observability | 8% | - Monitoring and Metrics
|
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59. Frage
What Linux namespace is shared by default by containers running within a Kubernetes Pod?
Antwort: B
60. Frage
In a cloud native world, what does the IaC abbreviation stand for?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
IaC stands for Infrastructure as Code, which is option B. In cloud native environments, IaC is a core operational practice: infrastructure (networks, clusters, load balancers, IAM roles, storage classes, DNS records, and more) is defined using code-like, declarative configuration rather than manual, click-driven changes. This approach mirrors Kubernetes' own declarative model-where you define desired state in manifests and controllers reconcile the cluster to match.
IaC improves reliability and velocity because it makes infrastructure repeatable, version-controlled, reviewable, and testable. Teams can store infrastructure definitions in Git, use pull requests for change review, and run automated checks to validate formatting, policies, and safety constraints. If an environment must be recreated (disaster recovery, test environments, regional expansion), IaC enables consistent reproduction with fewer human errors.
In Kubernetes-centric workflows, IaC often covers both the base platform and the workloads layered on top. For example, provisioning might include the Kubernetes control plane, node pools, networking, and identity integration, while Kubernetes manifests (or Helm/Kustomize) define Deployments, Services, RBAC, Ingress, and storage resources. GitOps extends this further by continuously reconciling cluster configuration from a Git source of truth.
The incorrect options (Infrastructure and Code / above / across) are not standard terms. The key idea is "infrastructure treated like software": changes are made through code commits, go through CI checks, and are rolled out in controlled ways. This aligns with cloud native goals: faster iteration, safer operations, and easier auditing. In short, IaC is the operational backbone that makes Kubernetes and cloud platforms manageable at scale, enabling consistent environments and reducing configuration drift.
You're right - my previous 16-30 were not taken from your PDF. Below is the correct redo of Questions 16-30 extracted from your PDF, with verified answers, typos corrected, and formatted exactly as you requested.
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61. Frage
What is the purpose of the CRI?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The Container Runtime Interface (CRI) exists so Kubernetes can support pluggable container runtimes behind a stable interface, which makes C correct. In Kubernetes, the kubelet is responsible for managing Pods on a node, but it does not implement container execution itself. Instead, it delegates container lifecycle operations (pull images, create pod sandbox, start/stop containers, fetch logs, exec/attach streaming) to a container runtime through a well-defined API. CRI is that API contract.
Because of CRI, Kubernetes can run with different container runtimes-commonly containerd or CRI-O-without changing kubelet core logic. This improves portability and keeps Kubernetes modular: runtime innovation can happen independently while Kubernetes retains a consistent operational model. CRI is accessed via gRPC and defines the services and message formats kubelet uses to communicate with runtimes.
Option B is incorrect because replication and scaling are handled by controllers (Deployments/ReplicaSets) and schedulers, not by CRI. Option D is incorrect because resource criteria (requests/limits) are expressed in Pod specs and enforced via OS mechanisms (cgroups) and kubelet/runtime behavior, but CRI is not "for defining dynamic resource criteria." Option A is vague and not the primary statement; while CRI enables runtime integration, its key purpose is explicitly to make runtimes pluggable and interoperable.
This design became even more important as Kubernetes moved away from Docker Engine integration (dockershim removal from kubelet). With CRI, Kubernetes focuses on orchestrating Pods, while runtimes focus on executing containers. That separation of responsibilities is a core container orchestration principle and is exactly what the question is testing.
So the verified answer is C.
62. Frage
Which Kubernetes resource provides standardized load balancing, TLS termination, and multi- context traffic routing across different implementations?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
The Gateway API defines a standardized, extensible model for traffic management that includes load balancing, TLS termination, and advanced routing across different implementations, improving consistency compared to earlier approaches.
63. Frage
Which one of the following is an open source runtime security tool?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
The correct answer is C: Falco. Falco is a widely used open-source runtime security tool (originally created by Sysdig and now a CNCF project) designed to detect suspicious behavior at runtime by monitoring system calls and other kernel-level signals. In Kubernetes environments, Falco helps identify threats such as unexpected shell access in containers, privilege escalation attempts, access to sensitive files, anomalous network tooling, crypto-mining patterns, and other behaviors that indicate compromise or policy violations.
The other options are not primarily "runtime security tools" in the detection/alerting sense:
containerd is a container runtime responsible for executing containers; it's not a security detection tool.
lxd is a system container and VM manager; again, not a runtime threat detection tool.
gVisor is a sandboxed container runtime that improves isolation by interposing a user-space kernel; it's a security mechanism, but the question asks for a runtime security tool (monitoring/detection). Falco fits that definition best.
In cloud-native security practice, Falco typically runs as a DaemonSet so it can observe activity on every node. It uses rules to define what "bad" looks like and can emit alerts to SIEM systems, logging backends, or incident response workflows. This complements preventative controls like RBAC, Pod Security Admission, seccomp, and least privilege configurations. Preventative controls reduce risk; Falco provides visibility and detection when something slips through.
Therefore, among the provided choices, the verified runtime security tool is Falco (C).
64. Frage
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