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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
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NEW QUESTION # 16
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In Cilium's default policy-enforcement mode, an endpoint initially permits ingress and egress traffic.
Enforcement changes independently for each direction when a policy selects that endpoint. If a selecting rule contains an ingress section, the endpoint enters default-deny mode for ingress. If a selecting rule contains an egress section, it enters default-deny mode for egress. Only traffic explicitly permitted by the applicable policy rules remains allowed in the restricted direction.
This per-direction behavior is important. An ingress-only policy does not automatically restrict egress, and an egress-only policy does not automatically restrict ingress. Options A and B reverse the relationship between the rule section and the direction being enforced. Option C incorrectly states that selection places the endpoint into default-allow mode; default allow describes the endpoint's condition before it is selected by an enforcing policy.
Cilium also supports always and never enforcement modes. In always , enforcement applies even to endpoints not selected by policy. In never , policy enforcement is disabled. Policies can additionally use enableDefaultDeny for specialized visibility configurations, but those controls do not change the normal default behavior described in the question.
Official references
Policy Enforcement Modes .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which statement is true of both the Ingress Controller and Gateway API?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Both Kubernetes Ingress and the north-south use of Gateway API provide declarative Layer 7 routing from clients outside the cluster to Kubernetes workloads. They express host- and path-based routing through Kubernetes resources and can be implemented by controllers such as Cilium's Envoy-based ingress implementation. A therefore captures their shared purpose most accurately.
The remaining choices describe differences rather than universal similarities. Gateway API is explicitly role- oriented: infrastructure administrators manage GatewayClass and often Gateway , while application owners manage route resources such as HTTPRoute . The Ingress API does not provide the same formal separation of administrative and application-facing resources, making C unsuitable as a statement about both.
Implementation-specific annotations are historically common with Ingress because its core API is limited.
Gateway API was deliberately designed with more expressive, portable resource fields so that implementations do not need to depend as heavily on vendor-specific annotations; D is consequently not true of both. Namespace behavior also differs because Gateway API provides controlled cross-namespace attachment and reference mechanisms. B is therefore not the defining common capability.
Official references
Cilium Kubernetes Ingress Support , Cilium Gateway API Support , Migrating from Ingress to Gateway API Study Guide topic: Kubernetes north-south routing, Ingress, and Gateway API.
NEW QUESTION # 18
The application team would like to observe egress traffic with application level information for workloads running in a Cilium based Kubernetes Cluster Which features would offer this without the need for additional tooling?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble UI and Hubble CLI are Cilium's integrated interfaces for examining workload network flows. Hubble records source and destination identities, namespaces, workloads, addresses, ports, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. When Layer 7 visibility is configured, its flow output can also contain application-level information such as HTTP methods, URLs, response codes, latency, and DNS queries. Filters can narrow the results by source workload, namespace, destination, protocol, port, or verdict, making Hubble appropriate for investigating egress behavior.
Hubble CLI provides detailed event-oriented inspection, while Hubble UI presents flows and service dependencies graphically. Hubble Relay aggregates the per-node Hubble APIs so these clients can obtain cluster-wide visibility.
Load balancing directs traffic but is not an observability interface. Kubernetes NetworkPolicy expresses permitted communications but does not by itself display application-level flow records. Fluentd and Grafana are external logging and visualization components and would violate the requirement to avoid additional tooling.
Layer 7 information requires supported traffic to be redirected through Cilium's L7 proxy. Hubble then exposes the resulting application-layer flow events through the built-in CLI or UI, making D the complete answer.
Official references
Network Observability with Hubble ; Inspecting Network Flows .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which one of the following Cilium Network Policies follow the correct syntax?
A)
Question 17 option A
B)
Question 17 option B
C)
Question 17 option C
D)
Question 17 option D
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option D uses the correct structure for permitting egress from selected endpoints to the local host entity. The endpointSelector selects endpoints whose label env equals dev . Because the intended traffic travels from those endpoints toward the host, the policy must contain an egress rule. An egress peer is expressed through toEntities , and host is the reserved entity representing the local host, including host-networked containers on that node.
Option A is invalid because fromEntities is an ingress-oriented field and cannot express an egress destination.
Option B uses nodeSelector , which selects nodes rather than workload endpoints and is only valid for node- level rules in a CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy ; it is not valid in the displayed namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy . It also combines ingress with toEntities , reversing the rule direction. Option C has a valid workload selector but again uses toEntities under ingress ; ingress rules describe sources through constructs such as fromEntities .
Applying option D places the selected endpoints into egress default-deny mode and then expressly permits traffic whose destination is the host entity. Other egress traffic must be allowed separately.
Official references
Policy Enforcement and Rule Basics ; Endpoint Lifecycle policy examples .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 21
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