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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish |
| Topic 2: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Topic 4: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - HMAC construction and application - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 |
| Topic 5: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Principles: public/private key pairs - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Digital signatures: purpose and process |
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NEW QUESTION # 23
(What is a key benefit of using a cryptography framework?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
A cryptography framework provides a consistent, repeatable way to select, deploy, and manage cryptographic controls across an organization. Its key benefit is structure: it defines approved algorithms and key sizes, acceptable modes of operation, key management rules (generation, storage, rotation, revocation, backup), certificate handling, and secure protocol configurations (e.g., TLS settings). This reduces ad hoc implementations that often lead to vulnerabilities such as weak ciphers, key reuse, improper randomness, or missing integrity protections. A framework also clarifies roles and processes-who can access keys, how secrets are audited, and how exceptions are handled-improving governance and operational reliability.
Importantly, it does not guarantee perfect security; no framework can eliminate all risk, and secure outcomes still depend on correct implementation, monitoring, and maintenance. It also does not eliminate the need for training; human error is a major source of crypto misconfiguration. While frameworks help with compliance, they are not solely about regulation; they are about sound security engineering and lifecycle management.
Therefore, the primary benefit is providing a structured approach to implementing encryption practices.
NEW QUESTION # 24
(What is a characteristic of a hash function?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
A cryptographic hash function maps input data of arbitrary length to a fixed-length digest and is designed to be one-way: given a digest, it should be computationally infeasible to recover the original input (preimage resistance). This one-way property enables many security applications: file integrity checking (any change alters the digest), password storage (combined with salt and slow hashing), digital signatures (signing a digest rather than large data), and commitment schemes. Hash functions are not encryption because they do not support decryption; they intentionally discard information about the input. They also do not use public/private key pairs; those are features of asymmetric cryptography. "Reversible" is the opposite of the intended design goal. A well-designed hash also aims for collision resistance (hard to find two different inputs with the same digest) and second-preimage resistance. Among the answer choices, the defining characteristic that best captures what makes a hash function distinct is that it is one-way.
NEW QUESTION # 25
(Why should an administrator choose lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Lightweight cryptography is designed for constrained environments-devices with limited CPU, memory, storage, bandwidth, and power (battery). Examples include IoT sensors, smart locks, RFID tags, embedded controllers, and industrial devices. Administrators choose lightweight algorithms and protocols to maintain reasonable security while fitting strict resource budgets and real-time constraints.
The goal is not "weaker security because data is unimportant," but rather efficient security that can still meet threat models under constraints. Option B captures this: embedded systems often cannot afford the computational cost of heavy cryptographic primitives (large key sizes, complex modes, frequent handshakes) or may struggle with latency and energy consumption. Option A is irrelevant because physical security of a desktop doesn't remove the need for cryptography in communications or storage. Option C is the opposite of lightweight design. Option D is a poor justification; security design should be based on risk, and lightweight cryptography is not merely for "minimal protection," but for practical deployability under constraints. Therefore, the correct reason is limited resources on embedded systems.
NEW QUESTION # 26
(A Linux user password is identified as follows:
$2a$08$AbCh0RCM8p8FGaYvRLI0H.Kng54gcnWCOQYIhas708UEZRQQjGBh4
Which hash algorithm should be used to salt this password?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
The string format $2a$08$... is a well-known identifier for the bcrypt password hashing scheme. In common password-hash notation, the prefix indicates the algorithm and parameters: "$2a$" denotes bcrypt (version
2a), and "08" indicates the cost factor (work factor) controlling how computationally expensive hashing is.
bcrypt is designed specifically for password storage: it includes a built-in salt and is intentionally slow and adaptive, making brute-force and GPU attacks far more expensive than fast general-purpose hashes like MD5 or SHA-512. NTLM and MD5 are obsolete for secure password storage due to speed and known weaknesses.
SHA-512, while cryptographically strong as a hash, is still too fast for password hashing unless used in a dedicated password-hashing construction (e.g., PBKDF2, scrypt, Argon2) with appropriate parameters and salts. Since the given hash clearly matches bcrypt's encoding, the correct algorithm is bcrypt, which incorporates salting and cost-based key stretching as part of its design.
NEW QUESTION # 27
(Which number generator has different results given the same input data?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) produces outputs derived from nondeterministic physical processes (e.g., thermal noise, oscillator jitter, radioactive decay, or other hardware entropy sources). Because the underlying phenomenon is not algorithmically determined by an input seed in the same way as a PRNG, repeated "inputs" (or identical conditions from a software perspective) do not yield the same sequence; the outputs vary unpredictably. By contrast, a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is deterministic: given the same seed and internal state, it produces the same output sequence, which is useful for repeatability but means security depends on seed secrecy and proper seeding. "Prime" is not a generator type, and "sequence" is too generic and does not imply nondeterminism. In cryptographic systems, TRNGs (or hardware entropy sources) are often used to seed cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs), combining high-quality entropy with efficient generation. Therefore, the generator that can produce different results for the "same input data" is a true random number generator.
NEW QUESTION # 28
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