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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Wireless and Mobile Security | - Mobile platform vulnerabilities - Wireless network attacks |
| Network Attacks | - Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) - Sniffing and session hijacking |
| Web and Application Security | - Web application hacking techniques |
| Cryptography | - Encryption, hashing, and cryptanalysis |
| Cloud and IoT Security | - IoT security fundamentals - Cloud computing security concepts |
| Reconnaissance Techniques | - Scanning networks and enumeration - Footprinting and information gathering |
| System Hacking | - Malware threats and system exploitation - Gaining access and privilege escalation |
| Introduction to Ethical Hacking | - Ethical hacking concepts and methodology |
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NEW QUESTION # 820
In Trojan terminology, what is a covert channel?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 821
What is a NULL scan?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A NULL scan is a type of TCP scan where no TCP flags are set in the packet. This unconventional packet is used to evade firewalls and intrusion detection systems and to determine the state of a port based on the response.
Behavior:
Open port # No response
Closed port # RST (Reset)
From CEH v13 Courseware:
Module 3: Scanning Networks
Topic: TCP Flag Scanning Methods
CEH v13 Study Guide states:
"A NULL scan sends a TCP packet with all flags turned off. The system's response (or lack thereof) allows the attacker to infer whether a port is open or closed, especially on UNIX-based systems." Incorrect Options:
B: Vague and inaccurate
C: Refers to Xmas scan (URG, PSH, FIN)
D/E: Irrelevant to TCP flags
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 3: Scanning Networks # TCP NULL ScansRFC 793 - TCP Protocol Behavior
======
NEW QUESTION # 822
What hacking attack is challenge/response authentication used to prevent?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Challenge/response authentication is designed to prevent replay attacks. In this mechanism:
The server sends a random "challenge" string.
The client uses its secret (like a password or private key) to generate a response.
The server verifies that the response matches what it expected for that challenge.
Since the challenge is random and changes each time, an attacker cannot simply capture and replay previous responses to gain unauthorized access.
From CEH v13 Courseware:
Module 11: Session Hijacking
Module 6: Authentication Protocols
CEH v13 Study Guide states:
"Challenge-response authentication prevents replay attacks by using dynamically generated nonces or challenge tokens that change with each session." Incorrect Options:
B: Scanning attacks are not related to authentication mechanisms.
C: Session hijacking involves active takeovers, not replaying login attempts.
D: Password cracking targets password hashes, not session tokens.
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 11: Authentication Mechanisms and Replay Attack MitigationRFC 2831 - Digest Access Authentication
======
NEW QUESTION # 823
During an internal investigation at a healthcare billing firm in Denver, Colorado, the security team analyzes suspicious activity involving a senior accountant's corporate smartphone. The user reports that the device behaved normally and that no links were clicked or applications installed during the timeframe in question.
Telecom monitoring reveals that the device received several binary-formatted SMS messages shortly before the incident. These messages were not visible in the messaging application. Within minutes of receiving them, the phone began transmitting cellular location identifiers and device- related data to an unfamiliar external system. The transmissions occurred automatically and did not require any user interaction.
Which mobile attack technique most accurately explains this behavior?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The scenario describes binary SMS messages triggering hidden, automated device commands that lead to exfiltration of location and device data without user interaction. This behavior aligns with SIMjacker, which abuses SIM Toolkit instructions delivered via SMS to silently control the device and extract sensitive information.
NEW QUESTION # 824
At a government taxation portal in Canberra, Australia, a security assessment revealed that attackers were able to gain unauthorized access to sensitive system-level resources despite no evidence of flaws in the web application logic or exposed administrative interfaces. The intrusion appeared to originate from weaknesses beyond the application layer, allowing deeper access into the server environment.
Further investigation indicated that controls governing access and execution within the server environment were inconsistently applied, enabling unintended privilege escalation and unauthorized interaction with critical infrastructure components.
Determine the primary reason this web server was compromised.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Operating-system misconfiguration is the best answer because the compromise originated below the application layer and involved inconsistent system-level access and execution controls. Examples include insecure service privileges, weak local security policies, unsafe registry or group-policy settings, exposed administrative services, ineffective process isolation, and failure to apply least privilege. Such conditions can permit an attacker to escalate privileges or interact with critical host resources even when the web application itself contains no exploitable logic flaw.
OWASP's application-platform configuration guidance recommends minimizing the operating-system privileges assigned to web-server software and tightly protecting server configuration resources. Its broader security-misconfiguration guidance identifies missing hardening, unnecessary privileges, and insecure platform settings as compromise risks.
Improper file and directory permissions are one possible operating-system misconfiguration, but the scenario describes access and execution controls across the server environment rather than access to particular filesystem objects. Self-signed or incorrectly configured certificates affect trust and transport security but do not inherently grant system-level privileges. Default files can expose information or vulnerable functionality, yet the question states that no exposed administrative interface or application-layer entry point was involved.
Consequently, the broader operating-system misconfiguration category is the most accurate.
NEW QUESTION # 825
......
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