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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Closing the Audit | - Audit reporting and follow-up
|
| Topic 2: Planning and Initiating an Audit | - Audit program and planning activities
|
| Topic 3: Fundamentals of Information Security Auditing | - Audit principles based on ISO 19011
|
| Topic 4: Conducting an Audit | - Audit execution
|
| Topic 5: Information Security Management System (ISMS) based on ISO/IEC 27001 | - ISO/IEC 27001 requirements (Clauses 4–10)
|
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390. Frage
情境 3
NightCore是一家總部位於美國的跨國科技企業，專注於電子商務、雲端運算、數位串流媒體和人工智慧(AI)。在實施資訊安全管理系統(ISMS)一年多後，NightCore委託一家認證機構進行ISO/IEC 27001認證審核。
認證機構組建了一支由五名審核員組成的團隊，傑克擔任團隊負責人。傑克在風險管理、資訊安全控制和事件管理方面擁有豐富的審核經驗，並因此而聞名。
他的技能與審計原則和流程的要求高度契合，使他能夠有效理解審計範圍並有效運用相關標準。傑克也展現出對NightCore的組織結構、宗旨和管理實踐以及適用於其業務活動的法律法規要求的深刻理解。
審計團隊遵循合理的審計方法，系統性地得出可靠且可重複的結論。審計團隊認識到，只有能夠在一定程度上核實的資訊才能被視為有效證據。在審計過程中，極少數情況下，如果某些資訊的核實存在困難且其可核實程度較低，審計人員會運用專業判斷來評估此類證據的可靠性，並確定其可信度。
在審計過程中，審計人員記錄了他們對NightCore資訊安全管理系統(ISMS)運作規劃和控制的觀察結果和檢查筆記。他們也記錄了對NightCore資訊清單及相關資產的觀察結果。此外，審計人員也審查了為保護網路服務連線而實施的防火牆配置。
隨著審核進入最後階段，NightCore對維護最高資訊安全標準的承諾日益凸顯。憑藉著觸手可及的ISO/IEC 27001認證，NightCore已做好充分準備，有望獲得該認證，從而提升其在科技行業的聲譽。
問題
根據情境 3，審計團隊在 NightCore 的審計過程中採用了什麼方法或途徑來得出結論？
Antwort: A
Begründung:
The audit team employed an evidence-based approach, making option A the correct answer. This is explicitly demonstrated throughout the scenario and aligns directly with ISO 19011:2018, which defines evidence-based auditing as one of the fundamental principles of auditing management systems. An evidence-based approach requires that audit conclusions are based on verifiable information and objective evidence rather than assumptions, opinions, or hypothetical scenarios.
In the scenario, the audit team clearly states that only information capable of being verified to some extent was considered valid audit evidence. This reflects the ISO 19011 requirement that audit evidence should be verifiable, relevant, and based on samples of available information. The auditors documented observations, inspection notes, asset inventories, and firewall configurations, all of which are tangible and verifiable sources of audit evidence. Even in situations where evidence was difficult to verify, the auditors applied professional judgment to assess reliability, which is consistent with the principle of due professional care rather than speculative analysis.
Option B is incorrect because a risk-based approach focuses on prioritizing audit activities based on risk levels, not on how conclusions are reached. While risk awareness may influence audit planning, it does not define the method of forming conclusions. Option C is incorrect because hypothetical analysis is not recognized as an acceptable audit method under ISO standards. ISO audits must be grounded in factual, verifiable evidence.
Therefore, the audit team's systematic reliance on verifiable information confirms that an evidence-based approach was used.
Furthermore, Jack's understanding of NightCore's organizational context, management practices, and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements demonstrates competence in applying audit criteria within the organization's specific environment. His ability to exercise professional judgment when evidence is difficult to verify further supports his suitability as an audit team leader.
Option A is incorrect because Jack's experience spans multiple relevant domains, not just a few limited areas.
Option B is incorrect because auditor competence is not based solely on understanding organizational structure; it requires a broader combination of auditing, technical, and contextual knowledge, all of which Jack clearly demonstrates.
391. Frage
在第二階段審核的開幕會議上，客戶組織的總經理邀請審核團隊觀看 45 分鐘的新公司影片。審核組長應做出下列哪兩項回應？
Antwort: B,F
Begründung:
According to ISO 19011:2018, which provides guidelines for auditing management systems, an opening meeting is a formal communication between the audit team and the auditee at the start of an audit1. The purpose of the opening meeting is to confirm the audit objectives, scope and criteria, introduce the audit team and their roles, confirm the audit plan and logistics, explain the audit methods and procedures, and establish the communication channels1. Therefore, if the Managing Director of the client organization invites the audit team to view a new company video lasting 45 minutes during the opening meeting of a Stage 2 audit, the audit team leader should respond in a way that does not compromise the effectiveness and efficiency of the audit or create any misunderstanding or conflict with the auditee. Two possible ways to respond are to advise the Managing Director that the audit team has to keep to the planned schedule, as there may be limited time and resources available for the audit; or to suggest that the video could be viewed during a refreshment break, if it is relevant and useful for the audit and does not interfere with other audit activities1. The other options are not appropriate responses for the audit team leader to make in this situation. For example, stating that the audit team leader will stay behind after the opening meeting to view the video on behalf of the team may imply that the video is not important or relevant for the rest of the audit team; inviting the Managing Director to the auditors' hotel for a viewing that evening may create an impression of bias or favouritism; stating that the audit team will make a decision on the viewing at a later time may be vague or indecisive; and advising the Managing Director that the audit team agrees to his request may result in wasting valuable audit time or losing focus on the audit objectives1. References: ISO 19011:2018 - Guidelines for auditing management systems
392. Frage
您正在一家名為 ABC 的提供醫療保健服務的住宅療養院進行 ISMS 審核。
審核計劃的下一步是驗證 ABC 醫療保健行動應用程式開發、支援和生命週期流程的資訊安全性。在審核過程中，您了解到該組織將行動應用程式開發外包給了一家具有 CMMI 5 級、ITSM（ISO
/IEC
20000-1)、BCMS (ISO 22301) 和 ISMS (ISO/IEC 27001) 認證。 IT經理介紹了軟體安全管理流程，並將流程總結如下：
行動應用程式開發至少應採用「設計安全」和「預設安全」原則。應具備以下個人資料保護安全功能：
存取控制。
個人資料加密，即高階加密標準（AES）演算法，金鑰長度：256位元；個人資料假名化。
已檢查漏洞，無安全後門
您可以獲得最新的行動應用測試報告樣本 - 詳細資訊如下：
您詢問 IT 經理，為什麼組織仍在使用行動應用程序，而個人資料加密和假名化測試卻失敗了。此外，服務經理是否有權批准測試。
IT經理解釋說，根據軟體安全管理程序，測試結果應由他批准。加密和假名功能失敗的原因是這些功能嚴重降低了系統和服務效能。額外的
需要 150% 的資源來實現這一點。服務經理同意存取控制足夠好並且可以接受。這就是服務經理簽署批准書的原因。
您對醫務人員的手機進行採樣，發現 ABC 的醫療保健行動應用程式版本
1.01 已安裝。你發現1.01版本沒有測試記錄。
IT經理解釋說，由於勒索軟體攻擊頻繁，外包行動應用開發公司對受測軟體進行了免費小幅更新，並對更新後的軟體進行了緊急發布，並口頭保證不會對安全造成任何影響。以他20年的資訊安全經驗來看，沒有必要重新測試。
您正在準備審核結果 請選擇兩個正確的選項。
Antwort: B,D
Begründung:
According to ISO/IEC 27001, organizations must control planned changes and review the consequences of unintended changes in order to ensure continued alignment with information security requirements. In this scenario, the organization failed to perform appropriate testing after an emergency update to the mobile app, which constitutes a nonconformity with clause 8.1 of the standard.
**References**:
- ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor Reference Materials
- PECB Candidate Handbook for ISO 27001 Lead Auditor
ISO/IEC 27001 requires that organizations adhere to their established procedures for software security management. The IT Manager's approval of the app despite failed security tests and lack of proper documentation for the new version indicates noncompliance with the procedure, thus reflecting a nonconformity.
**References**:
- ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditor Reference Materials
- PECB Candidate Handbook for ISO 27001 Lead Auditor
393. Frage
當審核團隊的另一位成員向您尋求澄清時，您正在進行第三方監督審核。他們被要求評估組織對控制 5.7 - 威脅情報的應用。他們知道這是 2022 年版 ISO/IEC 中引入的新控制措施之一
27001，他們希望確保正確審核控制。
他們準備了一份清單來協助他們進行審核，並希望您確認他們計劃的活動符合控制要求。
下列哪三個選項代表有效的審計追蹤？
Antwort: C,D,E
Begründung:
According to ISO/IEC 27001:2022, which specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system (ISMS), control 5.7 requires an organization to establish and maintain a threat intelligence process to identify and evaluate information security threats that are relevant to its ISMS scope and objectives1. The organization should use internal and external sources of information, such as vulnerability databases, threat feeds, industry reports, etc., to produce threat intelligence that can be used to support risk assessment and treatment, as well as other information security activities1. Therefore, when auditing the organization's application of control 5.7, an ISMS auditor should verify that these aspects are met in accordance with the audit criteria.
Three options that represent valid audit trails for verifying control 5.7 are:
I will review the organisation's threat intelligence process and will ensure that this is fully documented: This option is valid because it can provide evidence of how the organization has established and maintained a threat intelligence process that is consistent with its ISMS scope and objectives. It can also verify that the process is documented according to clause 7.5 of ISO/IEC 27001:20221.
I will check that threat intelligence is actively used to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the organisation's information assets: This option is valid because it can provide evidence of how the organization has used threat intelligence to support its risk assessment and treatment, as well as other information security activities, such as incident response, awareness, or monitoring. It can also verify that the organization has achieved its information security objectives according to clause 6.2 of ISO/IEC 27001:20221.
I will determine whether internal and external sources of information are used in the production of threat intelligence: This option is valid because it can provide evidence of how the organization has used various sources of information, such as vulnerability databases, threat feeds, industry reports, etc., to produce threat intelligence that is relevant and reliable. It can also verify that the organization has complied with the requirement of control 5.7 of ISO/IEC 27001:20221.
The other options are not valid audit trails for verifying control 5.7, as they are not related to the control or its requirements. For example:
I will speak to top management to make sure all staff are aware of the importance of reporting threats: This option is not valid because it does not provide evidence of how the organization has established and maintained a threat intelligence process or used threat intelligence to support its ISMS activities. It may be related to another control or requirement regarding information security awareness or communication, but not specifically to control 5.7.
I will ensure that the task of producing threat intelligence is assigned to the organisation s internal audit team: This option is not valid because it does not provide evidence of how the organization has established and maintained a threat intelligence process or used threat intelligence to support its ISMS activities. It may also contradict the requirement for auditor independence and objectivity, as recommended by ISO 19011:20182, which provides guidelines for auditing management systems.
I will ensure that the organisation's risk assessment process begins with effective threat intelligence: This option is not valid because it does not provide evidence of how the organization has established and maintained a threat intelligence process or used threat intelligence to support its ISMS activities. It may also imply a prescriptive approach to risk assessment that is not consistent with ISO/IEC 27005:20183, which provides guidelines for information security risk management.
I will review how information relating to information security threats is collected and evaluated to produce threat intelligence: This option is not valid because it does not provide evidence of how the organization has established and maintained a threat intelligence process or used threat intelligence to support its ISMS activities. It may also be too vague or broad to be an effective audit trail, as it does not specify what criteria or methods are used for collecting and evaluating information.
I will ensure that appropriate measures have been introduced to inform top management as to the effectiveness of current threat intelligence arrangements: This option is not valid because it does not provide evidence of how the organization has established and maintained a threat intelligence process or used threat intelligence to support its ISMS activities. It may be related to another control or requirement regarding management review or performance evaluation, but not specifically to control 5.7.
394. Frage
您正在作為審核組組長進行您的第一次第三方 ISMS 監督審核。您目前與審核團隊的另一位成員一起在被審核方的資料中心。
您的同事似乎不確定資訊安全事件和資訊安全事件之間的差異。您嘗試透過提供範例來解釋差異。
下列哪三種場景可以定義為資訊安全事件？
Antwort: A,B,H
Begründung:
According to ISO/IEC 27000:2018, which provides an overview and vocabulary of information security management systems, an information security event is an identified occurrence of a system, service or network state indicating a possible breach of information security policy or failure of safeguards, or a previously unknown situation that may be security relevant1. An information security incident is a single or a series of unwanted or unexpected information security events that have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security1. Therefore, based on this definition, three examples of information security incidents are:
* A contractor who has not been paid deletes top management ICT accounts: This is an example of an unwanted or unexpected information security event that has a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, as it may result in loss of access, data, or functionality for the top management.
* An unhappy employee changes payroll records without permission: This is an example of an unwanted or unexpected information security event that has a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, as it may result in financial fraud, legal liability, or reputational damage for the organization.
* The organisation's marketing data is copied by hackers and sold to a competitor: This is an example of an unwanted or unexpected information security event that has a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, as it may result in loss of confidentiality, competitive advantage, or customer trust for the organization.
The other options are not examples of information security incidents, but rather information security events that may or may not lead to incidents depending on their impact and severity. For example:
* The organisation's malware protection software prevents a virus: This is an example of an identified occurrence of a system state indicating a possible breach of information security policy or failure of safeguards, but it does not have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, as it is prevented by the malware protection software.
* A hard drive is used after its recommended replacement date: This is an example of an identified occurrence of a system state indicating a possible breach of information security policy or failure of safeguards, but it does not have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, unless it fails or causes other problems.
* The organisation receives a phishing email: This is an example of an identified occurrence of a network state indicating a possible breach of information security policy or failure of safeguards, but it does not have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, unless it is opened or responded to by the recipient.
* An employee fails to clear their desk at the end of their shift: This is an example of an identified occurrence of a service state indicating a possible breach of information security policy or failure of safeguards, but it does not have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, unless the desk contains sensitive or confidential information that is accessed by unauthorized persons.
* The organisation fails a third-party penetration test: This is an example of an identified occurrence of a system state indicating a possible breach of information security policy or failure of safeguards, but it does not have a significant probability of compromising business operations and threatening information security, unless the penetration test reveals serious vulnerabilities that are exploited by malicious actors.
References: ISO/IEC 27000:2018 - Information technology - Security techniques - Information security management systems - Overview and vocabulary
395. Frage
......
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