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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Hardening cluster components - Secure installation configuration |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Authentication and authorization - API server security |
| Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod security standards - Container isolation and security contexts |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Runtime threat detection - Audit logging and monitoring |
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質問 # 51
You are tasked with hardening a Kubernetes cluster running on a public cloud provider. The cluster currently runs Kubernetes version 1.18 and has been exposed to the internet for several months. A security audit has identified several vulnerabilities in the current Kubernetes version, including CVE-2021-25743, which affects all versions prior to 1.22.
How do you upgrade your cluster to Kubernetes 1.22 and patch the vulnerabilities without disrupting the applications running on the cluster?
正解：
解説：
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Plan the upgrade:
- Identify the workloads running in the cluster.
- Understand the dependencies and configurations of each workload.
- Check compatibility of workloads with the new Kubernetes version.
- Research the recommended upgrade path for your cloud provider.
2. Prepare the environment:
- Create a backup of the cluster configuration. This includes the cluster manifest, service account configurations, and any custom resources.
- Test the upgrade process on a staging environment. This helps to identify potential issues and avoid downtime in the production cluster.
- Identify and fix any issues discovered in the staging environment. This could involve updating application configurations or deploying new versions of workloads.
3. Perform the upgrade:
- Use the recommended upgrade process for your cloud provider. Most cloud providers provide automated tools for Kubernetes upgrades.
- Monitor the upgrade process closely. Keep an eye on logs and metrics for any issues or errors.
- Rollback to the previous version if necessary. Have a plan to revert the upgrade if any critical issues arise.
4. Validate the upgrade:
- Verify,/ that all applications are running as expected. Check application logs, metrics, and functionality to ensure that there are no regressions.
- Confirm that the vulnerabilities have been patched. Use tools like 'kubectl audit or 'kubeadm upgrade' to verify the patched version.
Example using Google Kubernetes Engine:
- Create a new cluster with the desired Kubernetes version (1.22) in the Google Cloud Console.
- Use 'kubectl get nodes --all-namespaces to list the nodes in the existing cluster.
- Use 'kubectl drain' to drain the nodes in the existing cluster-
- Use 'kubectl cordon' to cordon the nodes in the existing cluster.
- Once the nodes are drained and cordoned, use 'kubectl delete node to delete the nodes in the existing cluster
- Join the nodes to the new cluster using 'kuoectl join
- Migrate the applications and configurations from the old cluster to the new cluster
- Delete the old cluster
This process ensures a minimal disruption to the applications during the upgrade, and that the vulnerabilities are patched effectively.
質問 # 52
Your organization requires strict control over container image usage within your Kubernetes cluster. You want to implement a policy to prevent deployment of images from untrusted repositories. How can you achieve this while still allowing access to your organization's private registry?
正解：
解説：
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Configure PodSecurityPolicy:
- Create a PodSecurityP01icy (PSP) that restricts the use of containers from untrusted repositories.
- Define a set of allowed registries in the PSP.
2. Use ImagePullSecrets:
- Create ' ImagePuIISecretS for your organization's private registry.
- Ensure pods that need to pull images from the private registry have the corresponding ImagePullSecrets.
3. Example Implementation:
-
4. Restrict Deployments - Ensure your Deployments are configured to use the restricted PSP and the correct ImagePuIISecrets.
質問 # 53
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster With a critical application deployed as a Deployment. You need to ensure that only authorized users can access the Kubernetes API to manage this application's resources. Describe the security measures you would implement to restrict access to the Kubernetes API and ensure only authorized users can manage this specific Deployment
正解：
解説：
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Create a Service Account:
- Create a dedicated Service Account for the application:
2. Configure the Deployment to use the Service Account - Update the Deployment YAML to specify the Service Account:
3. Use RBAC (Role-Based Access Control): - Create a Role and RoleBinding for the Service Account:
4. Apply the Changes: - Apply the YAML configurations using 'kubectl apply -f critical-app.yaml' 5. Restrict Access to the Kubernetes API: - Use kubeconfig files to limit access to the API for specific users or groups. - Use tools like 'kubectl auth can-i' to verify access permissions. 6. Limit Access to Specific Namespaces: - By default, Service Accounts have access to resources in their respective namespaces. - To further restrict access, create a Namespace and limit the Service Account's permissions within that namespace. By implementing these measures, you create a secure environment where only authorized users (through the Service Account) can manage the critical application's Deployment
質問 # 54
SIMULATION
Create a network policy named restrict-np to restrict to pod nginx-test running in namespace testing.
Only allow the following Pods to connect to Pod nginx-test:-
1. pods in the namespace default
2. pods with label version:v1 in any namespace.
Make sure to apply the network policy.
正解：A
質問 # 55
Your Kubernetes cluster uses a snared secret to authenticate and authorize users accessing a sensitive API. However, you are concerned about the potential tor compromised secrets in the cluster, leading to unauthorized access. How can you securely manage secrets in the cluster using a secrets management solution like HashiCorp Vault, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access?
正解：
解説：
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Deploy HashiCorp Vault:
- Install Vault on a secure infrastructure within your cluster or outside. This could be a dedicated virtual machine or a Kubernetes pod.
- Configure Vault with the appropriate security settings. This includes enabling TLS, setting up authentication methods, and configuring access controls.
2. Configure Secrets Management:
- Create a secret engine in Vault to manage the shared secret This could be a "KV' engine or a specific engine for storing secrets.
- Store the shared secret securely in Vault.
- Configure Vault to provide access to the secret only to authorized applications or services. This can be achieved using Vault's roles and policies.
3. Integrate Vault with Kubernetes
- Use the Kubernetes Vault provider to connect the cluster to Vault. This allows Kubernetes to access secrets stored in Vault.
- Configure Kubernetes to use Vault for secret management. This can be done by creating a Vault Secret Manager, which provides a way to inject secrets into pods or other Kubernetes resources.
4. Update the application:
- MOdify the application to retrieve secrets from Vault instead of accessing them directly from the Kubernetes secret. This ensures that the application interacts with the secure secrets in Vault
5. Monitor and rotate secrets:
- Regularly monitor the access and usage of secrets in Vault.
- Implement a process to rotate the shared secret periodically. This minimizes the risk of unauthorized access if the secret is compromised.
This approach significantly improves the security of your clusters secrets by removing them from Kubernetes and using a dedicated secrets management system.
This multi-step process ensures that your sensitive data is stored securely and only authorized services or applications can access it.
質問 # 56
......
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P.S.Tech4ExamがGoogle Driveで共有している無料の2026 Linux Foundation CKSダンプ：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mkxZ25EcymmUwlJgZ3E0L2LTd6dIVeCB