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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Symmetric Cryptography | - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Stream Ciphers - Key Management - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) |
| Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Digital Signature Standards - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Asymmetric Cryptography | - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - RSA Algorithm - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) |
| Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Common Attack Vectors - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Applied Cryptography | - Cryptographic Best Practices - VPN Security - PGP and Email Encryption - SSL/TLS Protocols |
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NEW QUESTION # 20
(Which mode of encryption converts data into a stream encryption and then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
CTR (Counter) mode converts a block cipher into a stream-like encryption method by generating a keystream from encrypted counter blocks. The core idea is to construct a sequence of input blocks using a nonce (unique per message/session) plus an incrementing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key; the output is a pseudorandom block that is XORed with plaintext to produce ciphertext. Decryption repeats the same keystream generation and XORs with ciphertext to recover plaintext. CTR offers practical benefits: it is highly parallelizable, supports precomputation of keystream blocks, and allows random access to any block without needing previous blocks (unlike CBC). ECB and CBC are block modes that do not use nonce+counter keystream generation. CFB is a feedback mode that can behave stream-like, but it does not use the explicit counter/nonce construction characteristic of CTR. CTR's security hinges on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because that would reuse the keystream and enable XOR-based plaintext recovery. Therefore, the correct mode is Counter (CTR).
NEW QUESTION # 21
(Why should an asymmetric private key be used to encrypt the digest of an application?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Digital signing of software typically works by hashing the application (or its manifest) and then using the publisher's private key to create a digital signature over that digest. The private key is used because it is secret and uniquely controlled by the publisher; only the publisher should be able to produce a valid signature.
Verifiers (customers) use the publisher's public key to validate the signature and confirm that the digest matches the software they received. This yields two key properties: integrity (the software hasn't been altered; any modification changes the digest and breaks verification) and authenticity (the signature proves it came from the private-key holder). Option A incorrectly describes symmetric stream encryption. Option C incorrectly generalizes private-key behavior as "block encryption." Option D is wrong because verification uses the public key, not a private key; also, "encrypting with private key" in this context is better understood as signing, not confidentiality encryption. Therefore, the correct rationale is that the asymmetric private key is used to sign the file's digest so the corresponding public key can verify integrity and authenticity.
NEW QUESTION # 22
(Employee A needs to send Employee B a symmetric key for confidential communication. Which key is used to encrypt the symmetric key?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
When securely distributing a symmetric key over an untrusted network, a common approach is hybrid cryptography: use asymmetric cryptography to protect the symmetric key, then use the symmetric key for bulk encryption. To ensure only Employee B can recover the symmetric key, Employee A encrypts (wraps) that symmetric key using Employee B's public key. Because only Employee B should possess the matching private key, only B can decrypt the wrapped symmetric key. This is the same principle used in TLS key exchange (in older RSA key transport) and in secure email: encrypt the session key to the recipient's public key. Encrypting the symmetric key with Employee A's private key would not provide confidentiality-anyone with A's public key could reverse it, and it functions more like a signature than encryption. Employee B's private key should never be shared and is used only by B to decrypt. Therefore, for confidentiality of the shared symmetric key, the correct encryption key is Employee B's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 23
(An administrator has configured a Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection utilizing IPsec transport mode with Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) between a server in the corporate office and a client computer in the remote office. In which situation can the packet content be inspected?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
With IPsec ESP in transport mode, the payload of the original IP packet (typically the transport-layer segment and higher) is encrypted and integrity-protected between the two endpoints-here, the corporate server and the remote client. Because encryption is applied by the sending endpoint and removed only by the receiving endpoint, intermediate routers, switches, and monitoring devices in either network cannot view the protected payload while it is in transit. They may see outer IP headers and certain metadata needed for routing, but not the encrypted content protected by ESP. As a result, the packet's contents are inspectable only at the endpoints: before encryption on the sender (plaintext exists in memory/stack before IPsec processing) and after decryption on the receiver (plaintext is restored for the application). This is true whether the traffic traverses internal networks or the Internet; the cryptographic boundary is between the endpoints participating in the IPsec SA. Therefore, inspection of the actual content is possible only on the devices at headquarters and offsite, before sending and after receiving, not by in-transit networks.
NEW QUESTION # 24
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 25
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