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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Data Fundamentals and Business Analytics | - Data types and data collection methods - Descriptive statistics (mean, median, variance, standard deviation) |
| Topic 2: Decision Making Models | - Decision trees and expected value analysis - Risk and uncertainty in decision-making |
| Topic 3: Regression and Correlation Analysis | - Interpreting correlation and causation - Linear regression modeling |
| Topic 4: Hypothesis Testing | - t-tests, chi-square tests, and significance testing - Null and alternative hypotheses |
| Topic 5: Probability and Statistical Inference | - Sampling methods and sampling error - Probability concepts and distributions |
>> Data-Driven-Decision-Making資格練習 <<
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質問 # 12
A political ballot gives voters the option to vote for one of three candidates. Eight voters cast their ballots.
Which statistical rule should be used to determine the possible voting outcomes?
正解：A
解説：
Themultiplication principleis used to determine the number of possible outcomes when multiple independent choices occur in sequence. In data-driven decision making and probability theory, this rule applies when each event has a fixed number of outcomes and each outcome is independent of the others.
In this scenario, each of the eight voters can independently choose one of three candidates. The total number of possible voting outcomes is calculated by multiplying the number of choices available for each voter.
Because the voters act independently and order matters in counting outcomes, the multiplication principle is the correct method.
Conditional probability applies when outcomes depend on prior events, Bayes' theorem updates probabilities based on new information, and combinations are used when order does not matter. None of these fit the structure of this problem.
Therefore, the correct answer isA, multiplication principle.
質問 # 13
A researcher notes that people who exercise daily tend to sleep better. The researcher then asks subjects to keep a sleep diary and record the number of hours they sleep each night. Some diaries have few entries, but the subjects claim they are well rested. Which type of error is represented in this research?
正解：C
解説：
This scenario illustrates response bias because the quality and completeness of the recorded responses are questionable. The researcher depends on subjects to accurately document their sleeping hours in diaries, yet some subjects submit few entries while still claiming they are well rested. This creates a mismatch between documented evidence and self-reported perception. Response bias occurs when participants provide answers that do not fully or accurately reflect reality, whether intentionally or unintentionally. In this case, the subjects may be estimating, omitting information, or reporting what they believe sounds acceptable rather than what was consistently recorded. The problem is not mainly lack of blinding, since there is no indication that concealed treatment assignment is relevant. It is also not primarily cause-and-effect confusion, because the issue described concerns the reliability of the reported data rather than drawing a causal conclusion.
Conscious bias is less fitting because the question points to flawed responses rather than deliberate manipulation by the researcher. Therefore, the best answer is response bias, as the data collected from subjects may not accurately represent their actual sleep behavior.
質問 # 14
Which two types of graphs illustrate and analyze measurements or trends over time?
Choose 2 answers.
正解：B、D
解説：
The two graph types specifically designed to illustrate and analyze measurements or trends over time are the control chart and the run chart. A run chart displays data points in chronological order, making it useful for identifying trends, shifts, cycles, or patterns in a process over time. A control chart builds on this concept by adding upper and lower control limits, which help determine whether observed variation is normal or signals a possible process issue. These charts are widely used in quality improvement, operations monitoring, and time- based performance analysis. A check sheet is a structured data collection form, not a graph used to analyze trends over time. A Pareto chart shows categories ranked by frequency or impact, often to highlight the most important problems, but it does not primarily track change over time. Because the question asks for graph types that illustrate and analyze measurements or trends across time, the correct answers are control chart and run chart.
質問 # 15
Research data indicate 95% confidence in a study in which subjects who were shown a product advertisement exhibited brand awareness compared to a control group who did not see the advertisement.
What can be concluded from this study?
正解：A
質問 # 16
What does big data include?
正解：A
解説：
Big data includes both structured and unstructured data. Structured data are organized in predefined formats such as rows and columns in databases, spreadsheets, or transaction systems. Unstructured data include forms such as emails, videos, social media content, images, audio files, sensor outputs, and free-text documents that do not fit neatly into traditional tabular formats. One of the defining features of big data is not just its size, but also its variety. This variety means organizations must work with multiple data types and sources to generate useful insights. The other options do not define what big data includes. Spreadsheets may handle small portions of data, but they do not define the concept itself. Powerful extraction tools may be used in big data environments, but they are tools rather than components of the data. Inferential statistics are analytical methods, not the data itself. Therefore, the best answer is that big data includes both structured and unstructured data.
質問 # 17
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