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NEW QUESTION # 35
Given below are different steps involved in event correlation.
Event masking
Event aggregation
Root cause analysis
Event filtering
Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in event correlation.
Answer: D
Explanation:
In event correlation (as applied in SOC/SIEM-driven investigations), the workflow typically starts byreducing complexityandnormalizing what "one incident" looks likebefore attempting conclusions about causality.Event aggregation (2)is performed early to combine multiple low-level, related events (for example repeated authentication failures, repeated firewall denies, or multiple IDS hits for the same signature) into higher-level
"grouped" records. This prevents analysts from treating every raw log line as a separate incident and makes correlation computationally and operationally feasible.
Next,event masking (1)suppresses events that are already known to be irrelevant or repetitive in a way that does not add investigative value (for example, routine scheduled scans, approved admin tools, or duplicate alerts already represented in the aggregated set). After masking,event filtering (4)further removes remaining noise using rules, thresholds, whitelists, time windows, or relevance criteria (scope, asset criticality, and known-benign sources), leaving a cleaner dataset that represents probable security-relevant activity.
Only after the dataset is consolidated and noise-reduced doesroot cause analysis (3)become reliable, because RCA depends on a clear chain of correlated events to identify the initiating action and propagation path.
Hence the correct sequence is2 # 1 # 4 # 3 (Option B).
NEW QUESTION # 36
Sandra, a hacker, targeted Johana, a software professional, to steal her banking details. She started sending frequent, random pop-up messages with malicious links to her social media page. Johana accidentally clicked on a link, causing a malicious program to get installed in her system. Subsequently, when Johana attempted to access her banking website, the URL redirected her to a malicious website controlled by Sandra. Johana entered her banking credentials on the fake website, which Sandra then captured.
Identify the type of attack performed by Sandra on Johana.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The scenario describes a victim beingredirected from a legitimate banking URL to a fraudulent websitewithout intending to visit it, after malware is installed on the system. This behavior is characteristic ofpharming, an attack in which an adversarycauses redirectionto a malicious destination even when the user types the correct address or clicks a legitimate bookmark. In digital forensics references, pharming is commonly achieved by manipulatingname resolution or routing mechanisms, such as altering the localhosts file, changingDNS server settings, poisoning DNS responses, modifying browser proxy settings, or installing malware that intercepts and rewrites web requests. The key forensic indicator is that the victim's request for the real domain is transparently diverted to attacker-controlled infrastructure, where credentials are harvested through a convincing spoofed login page.
The other options do not match the redirection-and-fake-site mechanism.Tailgatingis physical access abuse (following someone into a secure area).Dumpster divinginvolves retrieving sensitive information from discarded materials.Shoulder surfingis observing credentials by watching the victim type. Because the essential action here ismalicious redirection to a fake site to steal credentials, the correct answer isPharming (A).
NEW QUESTION # 37
Cooper, a forensic analyst, was examining a RAM dump extracted from a Linux system. In this process, he employed an automated tool, Volatility Framework, to identify any malicious code hidden inside the memory.
Which of the following plugins of the Volatility Framework helps Cooper detect hidden or injected files in the memory?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In memory forensics, "hidden or injected" malicious code typically refers toprocess injection,code caves, unbacked executable mappings, or regions of memory that aremarked executablebut do not align with normal, file-backed program segments. The Volatility Framework provides specialized plugins to locate these suspicious patterns.linux_malfindis the plugin designed to detectpotentially injected codeby scanning a process's memory mappings for characteristics that commonly indicate malicious presence-such asexecutable anonymous mappings, unusual permissions (e.g., RWX), and memory regions that contain shellcode-like byte patterns. This is highly relevant when malware attempts to avoid disk artifacts by living in memory or by injecting payloads into legitimate processes.
By contrast,linux_netstatis used to enumerate network connections and sockets from memory (useful for C2 analysis), but it does not focus on injected code regions.ip addr showandnmap -sU localhostare live-system networking commands, not Volatility plugins, and they are not suitable for analyzing a captured RAM image.
Therefore, to detect hidden/injected malicious code in a Linux RAM dump using Volatility, the correct plugin islinux_malfind (A).
NEW QUESTION # 38
James, a forensic specialist, was appointed to investigate an incident in an organization. As part of the investigation, James is attempting to identify whether any external storage devices are connected to the internal systems. For this purpose, he employed a utility to capture the list of all devices connected to the local machine and removed suspicious devices.
Identify the tool employed by James in the above scenario.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The requirement is tolist devices connected to a local Windows machine, specifically to identifyexternal storage devicesthat may be attached and potentially used for data theft or malware introduction. In Windows forensic practice, investigators often start by enumerating currently mounted volumes and recently connected removable media so they can correlate device presence with suspicious activity timelines and user actions.
DriveLetterViewis a utility designed to display the complete mapping ofdrive letters to storage devices
/volumes, includingremovable drives(USB flash drives, external HDDs), optical media, network-mapped drives, and local partitions. It helps quickly identify what storage devices are present and accessible on the system at the time of inspection, which fits the scenario where James captures a list of connected devices and removes suspicious ones.
The other tools do not match this purpose.ESEDatabaseViewis used to inspect Extensible Storage Engine databases, not enumerate attached storage.ProcDumpis used for creating process memory dumps for debugging/forensic analysis of processes, not for listing connected drives.PromiscDetectrelates to detecting network interfaces in promiscuous mode (packet sniffing), not external storage enumeration. Therefore, the correct tool for identifying connected storage devices isDriveLetterView (C).
NEW QUESTION # 39
Which of the following acts was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations?
Answer: B
Explanation:
TheSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)was enacted by the U.S. Congress in2002in response to major corporate accounting scandals and was specifically designed toprotect investorsby improving the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of corporate disclosures and financial reporting. SOX strengthens governance and accountability by requiring executive management (notably the CEO and CFO) to certify the correctness of financial statements and by mandating stronger internal controls over financial reporting. From a digital forensics and compliance perspective, SOX is closely tied to the need for reliableaudit trails, properrecords retention, and demonstrable control over systems that store or process financial data. Investigators frequently rely on SOX- driven logging, access controls, and change management records to determine who accessed financial systems, what changes were made, and whether those actions align with authorized procedures.
The other options do not match the question's purpose or jurisdiction: theElectronic Communications Privacy Actaddresses interception and access to electronic communications,GDPRis an EU data protection regulation (not a 2002 U.S. act focused on investor protection), and "Information Privacy Act 2014" is not the 2002 U.S.
corporate anti-fraud legislation. Therefore, the correct answer isSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) (C).
NEW QUESTION # 40
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