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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance |
| Topic 2: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Principles and operation - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 4: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Topic 5: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman |
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NEW QUESTION # 40
(Which encryption algorithm uses an 80-bit key and operates on 64-bit data blocks?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher historically associated with the Clipper chip initiative. Its defining parameters match the question: it operates on 64-bit blocks and uses an 80-bit key. The other options do not fit those exact sizes. Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes up to 256 bits. Blowfish is a 64-bit block cipher, but its key size is variable from 32 up to 448 bits and is not fixed at 80 bits as a defining property.
Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Skipjack's smaller key size and legacy design make it unsuitable for modern security needs, but the question is purely about identifying the algorithm that matches an 80-bit key and 64-bit blocks. Therefore, the correct answer is Skipjack.
NEW QUESTION # 41
(What is the length of the Initialization Vector (IV) in WEP?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) uses the RC4 stream cipher and combines a per-packet Initialization Vector (IV) with a shared secret key to form the RC4 seed for that packet's keystream. The IV in WEP is 24 bits long and is transmitted in the clear as part of the 802.11 frame so the receiver can reconstruct the same per-packet RC4 key stream. The short IV space (2²# possible values) is a major design weakness: on a busy network, IVs repeat frequently, causing keystream reuse. Because RC4 is a stream cipher, keystream reuse enables attackers to derive relationships between plaintexts and recover keys with statistical attacks (notably the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir (FMS) family of attacks and related improvements). WEP also uses a CRC-32 integrity check (ICV) that is not cryptographically strong and is vulnerable to modification attacks. The 24-bit IV length is therefore a key reason WEP is considered insecure and has been replaced by WPA/WPA2 mechanisms that use stronger key mixing, larger nonces/IVs, and robust integrity protection.
NEW QUESTION # 42
(Which certificate encoding process is binary-based?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) is a binary encoding format used to represent ASN.1 structures in a canonical, unambiguous way. X.509 certificates are defined using ASN.1, and DER provides a strict subset of BER (Basic Encoding Rules) that guarantees a single, unique encoding for any given data structure. That
"unique encoding" property is important for cryptographic operations such as hashing and digital signatures, because different encodings of the same abstract data could otherwise produce different hashes and break signature verification. In contrast, PEM is not a binary encoding; it is essentially a Base64-encoded text wrapper around DER data, bounded by header/footer lines (e.g., "BEGIN CERTIFICATE"). PKI is an overall framework for certificate issuance, trust, and lifecycle management-not an encoding. RSA is an asymmetric algorithm used for encryption/signing, not a certificate encoding format. Therefore, the binary-based certificate encoding process among the options is DER.
NEW QUESTION # 43
(Which mechanism can be applied to protect the integrity of plaintext when using AES?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
AES by itself is a symmetric block cipher that provides confidentiality, but not guaranteed integrity unless used in an authenticated mode. To protect integrity of the plaintext (ensuring it has not been altered), a Message Authentication Code (MAC) can be applied. In the classic Encrypt-then-MAC pattern, the sender encrypts the plaintext with AES and then computes a MAC (often HMAC-SHA-256 or CMAC-AES) over the ciphertext (and relevant headers). The receiver verifies the MAC before attempting decryption, preventing tampering and many padding-oracle style vulnerabilities.
Alternatively, AES can be used in an AEAD mode like AES-GCM, which produces an authentication tag serving a similar purpose, but among the listed options the general integrity mechanism is "MAC." RC4 is an unrelated stream cipher and does not provide integrity. RSA is asymmetric and not the standard integrity add-on for AES-encrypted bulk data. Kerberos is an authentication protocol and key distribution system, not a message integrity primitive. Therefore, to protect plaintext integrity when using AES, the correct mechanism is a Message Authentication Code.
NEW QUESTION # 44
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash = same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
NEW QUESTION # 45
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