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Linux Foundation CKS (Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist) Exam is a certification program that validates the skills and knowledge of professionals in securing Kubernetes clusters. Kubernetes is a popular open-source container orchestration platform that is widely used by organizations to manage and deploy containerized applications. As Kubernetes adoption has grown, the need for skilled and knowledgeable security professionals to secure these clusters has also increased.
The CKS certification is an essential step for security professionals who want to deepen their knowledge and skills in the Kubernetes environment. It provides comprehensive coverage of Kubernetes security topics and validates the candidate's ability to secure Kubernetes clusters and containerized applications against cyber threats. Candidates who pass the CKS certification exam demonstrate their expertise in securing Kubernetes applications and stand out from their peers in a rapidly evolving Kubernetes ecosystem.
Revised and updated according to the syllabus changes and all the latest developments in theory and practice, our Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) dumps are highly relevant to what you actually need to get through the certifications tests. Moreover they impart you information in the format of CKS Questions and answers that is actually the format of your real certification test. Hence not only you get the required knowledge but also find the opportunity to practice real exam scenario. For consolidation of your learning, our Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) dumps PDF file also provide you sets of practice questions and answers. Doing them again and again, you enrich your knowledge and maximize chances of an outstanding exam success.
NEW QUESTION # 61
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployment, Pod, Namespace
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000028
Context
You must update an existing Pod to ensure the immutability of its containers.
Task
Modify the existing Deployment named lamp-deployment, running in namespace lamp, so that its containers:
. run with user ID 20000
. use a read-only root filesystem
. forbid privilege escalation
The Deployment's manifest file con be found at /home/candidate/finer-sunbeam/lamp-deployment.yaml.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000028
sudo -i
2) Use the right kubeconfig (safe in exam)
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
3) Open the provided Deployment manifest
vi /home/candidate/finer-sunbeam/lamp-deployment.yaml
4) Edit ONLY the Pod template security settings (add/modify these fields) Inside:
spec: -> template: -> spec:
4.1 Set container to run as user 20000
Add (or change) under the container securityContext::
securityContext:
runAsUser: 20000
4.2 Make root filesystem read-only
In the SAME container securityContext: ensure:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
4.3 Forbid privilege escalation
In the SAME container securityContext: ensure:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
โ
The container section should look like this (example - keep your existing image/ports/etc):
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: <your-container-name>
image: <unchanged>
securityContext:
runAsUser: 20000
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
If there are multiple containers, apply the same securityContext to each container.
Save and exit:
:wq
5) Apply the manifest (updates Deployment -> recreates Pods)
kubectl -n lamp apply -f /home/candidate/finer-sunbeam/lamp-deployment.yaml
6) Wait for rollout
kubectl -n lamp rollout status deployment/lamp-deployment
7) Verify the security settings are live
7.1 Check the Pod is running
kubectl -n lamp get pods -l app=lamp -o wide
(if label differs, just kubectl -n lamp get pods)
7.2 Verify the three fields on a running Pod
Pick the Pod name and run:
POD=$(kubectl -n lamp get pods -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') kubectl -n lamp get pod $POD -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].securityContext.runAsUser}{"\n"}{.spec.containers[0].securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem}{"\n"}{.spec.containers[0].securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation}{"\n"}' Expected output:
20000
true
false
If the pod fails after readOnlyRootFilesystem=true
Don't change the requirement (task demands it). Usually the app needs writable dirs via volumes, but the task doesn't ask for that-so only adjust if the manifest already has volumes and just needs these securityContext fields.
NEW QUESTION # 62
SIMULATION
Context
Your organization's security policy includes:
ServiceAccounts must not automount API credentials
ServiceAccount names must end in "-sa"
The Pod specified in the manifest file /home/candidate/KSCH00301 /pod-m nifest.yaml fails to schedule because of an incorrectly specified ServiceAccount.
Complete the following tasks:
Task
1. Create a new ServiceAccount named frontend-sa in the existing namespace qa. Ensure the ServiceAccount does not automount API credentials.
2. Using the manifest file at /home/candidate/KSCH00301 /pod-manifest.yaml, create the Pod.
3. Finally, clean up any unused ServiceAccounts in namespace qa.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 63
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new setting takes effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC b. Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes Node c. Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- a. Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
b. Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
Hint: Take the use of Tool Kube-Bench
Answer:
Explanation:
API server:
Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes RBAC
Turn on Role Based Access Control. Role Based Access Control (RBAC) allows fine-grained control over the operations that different entities can perform on different objects in the cluster. It is recommended to use the RBAC authorization mode.
Fix - Buildtime
Kubernetes
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: kube-apiserver
tier: control-plane
name: kube-apiserver
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
+ - kube-apiserver
+ - --authorization-mode=RBAC,Node
image: gcr.io/google_containers/kube-apiserver-amd64:v1.6.0
livenessProbe:
failureThreshold: 8
httpGet:
host: 127.0.0.1
path: /healthz
port: 6443
scheme: HTTPS
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 15
name: kube-apiserver-should-pass
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/
name: k8s
readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- mountPath: /etc/pki
name: pki
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes
name: k8s
- hostPath:
path: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- hostPath:
path: /etc/pki
name: pki
Ensure the --authorization-mode argument includes Node
Remediation: Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml on the master node and set the --authorization-mode parameter to a value that includes Node.
--authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
Audit:
/bin/ps -ef | grep kube-apiserver | grep -v grep
Expected result:
'Node,RBAC' has 'Node'
Ensure that the --profiling argument is set to false
Remediation: Edit the API server pod specification file /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml on the master node and set the below parameter.
--profiling=false
Audit:
/bin/ps -ef | grep kube-apiserver | grep -v grep
Expected result:
'false' is equal to 'false'
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
Remediation: If using a Kubelet config file, edit the file to set authentication: anonymous: enabled to false. If using executable arguments, edit the kubelet service file /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d/10-kubeadm.conf on each worker node and set the below parameter in KUBELET_SYSTEM_PODS_ARGS variable.
--anonymous-auth=false
Based on your system, restart the kubelet service. For example:
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet.service
Audit:
/bin/ps -fC kubelet
Audit Config:
/bin/cat /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
Expected result:
'false' is equal to 'false'
2) Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Audit
docker inspect kubelet | jq -e '.[0].Args[] | match("--authorization-mode=Webhook").string' Returned Value: --authorization-mode=Webhook Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:- a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true Do not use self-signed certificates for TLS. etcd is a highly-available key value store used by Kubernetes deployments for persistent storage of all of its REST API objects. These objects are sensitive in nature and should not be available to unauthenticated clients. You should enable the client authentication via valid certificates to secure the access to the etcd service.
Fix - Buildtime
Kubernetes
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
annotations:
scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod: ""
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: etcd
tier: control-plane
name: etcd
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
+ - etcd
+ - --auto-tls=true
image: k8s.gcr.io/etcd-amd64:3.2.18
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
livenessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- -ec
- ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --endpoints=https://[192.168.22.9]:2379 --cacert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
--cert=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/healthcheck-client.crt --key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/healthcheck-client.key get foo failureThreshold: 8 initialDelaySeconds: 15 timeoutSeconds: 15 name: etcd-should-fail resources: {} volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /var/lib/etcd
name: etcd-data
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
name: etcd-certs
hostNetwork: true
priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /var/lib/etcd
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: etcd-data
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
type: DirectoryOrCreate
name: etcd-certs
status: {}
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 64
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new setting takes effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true.
b. Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set.
c. Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:- a. Ensure the --anonymous-auth argument is set to false.
b. Ensure that the --authorization-mode argument is set to Webhook.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
b. Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true
Hint: Take the use of Tool Kube-Bench
Answer:
Explanation:
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:- a. Ensure that the RotateKubeletServerCertificate argument is set to true.
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
component: kubelet
tier: control-plane
name: kubelet
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
- kube-controller-manager
+ - --feature-gates=RotateKubeletServerCertificate=true
image: gcr.io/google_containers/kubelet-amd64:v1.6.0
livenessProbe:
failureThreshold: 8
httpGet:
host: 127.0.0.1
path: /healthz
port: 6443
scheme: HTTPS
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 15
name: kubelet
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /etc/kubernetes/
name: k8s
readOnly: true
- mountPath: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- mountPath: /etc/pki
name: pki
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
path: /etc/kubernetes
name: k8s
- hostPath:
path: /etc/ssl/certs
name: certs
- hostPath:
path: /etc/pki
name: pki
b. Ensure that the admission control plugin PodSecurityPolicy is set.
audit: "/bin/ps -ef | grep $apiserverbin | grep -v grep"
tests:
test_items:
- flag: "--enable-admission-plugins"
compare:
op: has
value: "PodSecurityPolicy"
set: true
remediation: |
Follow the documentation and create Pod Security Policy objects as per your environment.
Then, edit the API server pod specification file $apiserverconf
on the master node and set the --enable-admission-plugins parameter to a value that includes PodSecurityPolicy :
--enable-admission-plugins=...,PodSecurityPolicy,...
Then restart the API Server.
scored: true
c. Ensure that the --kubelet-certificate-authority argument is set as appropriate.
audit: "/bin/ps -ef | grep $apiserverbin | grep -v grep"
tests:
test_items:
- flag: "--kubelet-certificate-authority"
set: true
remediation: |
Follow the Kubernetes documentation and setup the TLS connection between the apiserver and kubelets. Then, edit the API server pod specification file
$apiserverconf on the master node and set the --kubelet-certificate-authority parameter to the path to the cert file for the certificate authority.
--kubelet-certificate-authority=<ca-string>
scored: true
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the ETCD:-
a. Ensure that the --auto-tls argument is not set to true
Edit the etcd pod specification file $etcdconf on the master node and either remove the --auto-tls parameter or set it to false. --auto-tls=false b. Ensure that the --peer-auto-tls argument is not set to true Edit the etcd pod specification file $etcdconf on the master node and either remove the --peer-auto-tls parameter or set it to false. --peer-auto-tls=false
NEW QUESTION # 65
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes:
Cluster: apparmor
Master node: master
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context apparmor
Given: AppArmor is enabled on the worker1 node.
Task:
On the worker1 node,
1. Enforce the prepared AppArmor profile located at: /etc/apparmor.d/nginx
2. Edit the prepared manifest file located at /home/cert_masters/nginx.yaml to apply the apparmor profile
3. Create the Pod using this manifest
Answer:
Explanation:
[desk@cli] $ ssh worker1
[worker1@cli] $apparmor_parser -q /etc/apparmor.d/nginx
[worker1@cli] $aa-status | grep nginx
nginx-profile-1
[worker1@cli] $ logout
[desk@cli] $vim nginx-deploy.yaml
Add these lines under metadata:
annotations: # Add this line
container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/<container-name>: localhost/nginx-profile-1
[desk@cli] $kubectl apply -f nginx-deploy.yaml
Explanation
[desk@cli] $ ssh worker1
[worker1@cli] $apparmor_parser -q /etc/apparmor.d/nginx
[worker1@cli] $aa-status | grep nginx
nginx-profile-1
[worker1@cli] $ logout
[desk@cli] $vim nginx-deploy.yaml
[desk@cli] $kubectl apply -f nginx-deploy.yaml pod/nginx-deploy created Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/clusters/apparmor/ pod/nginx-deploy created
[desk@cli] $kubectl apply -f nginx-deploy.yaml pod/nginx-deploy created Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/clusters/apparmor/
NEW QUESTION # 66
......
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