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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Physical examination, patient assessment - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
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NEW QUESTION # 553
Taking a good history is important in all species. When considering birds, the history may give you significant information above and beyond what the owner can contribute from physical observations. Since many of our medical concerns in exotic species arise due to poor husbandry practices, ensuring a complete history in all exotics is paramount.
When considering the diet and appetite of the bird, all of the following are key questions to ask, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
When considering nutrition, we want to ask about food and water changes. Changes in water consumption can aid in differential diagnoses. Further, suppose the owner offered bottled water, ran out, and is now offering tap water. In that case, the bird may have stopped drinking sufficiently due to impurities or taste differences. It could also speak to hydration status.
When discussing food/water concerns, we want to know the following:
*What food do they feed? This includes the percentage of the diet that comes from commercially-prepared foods, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and/or fruits. All too commonly, we find that birds are fed seeds exclusively, increasing the risk of dietary deficiencies and potential disease states. Have there been any changes in the foods fed in the past one to two months?
*How often is the bird fed?
*How much food is fed at each sitting?
*Does the owner add any vitamins or minerals to the food?
*How often does the water get changed? What is the water source, and has that changed?
Asking about stool/feces/droppings is also critical to a good history-taking. Feces are indirectly tied to food/appetite. With decreased appetites, we would expect a drop in fecal quantity. However, if the bird is drinking excessively, we would expect an increase in the uric acid component of the droppings. The following information is important to know:
*Consistency of the droppings
*Color of the droppings
*Number of droppings daily
*If there is any noteworthy odor to the droppings
Other key information for avian history includes:
*Bird's origin
*Bird's age and related signalment information
*Environment, including cage dimensions, perches, substrates, and more
*Enrichment/exercise
*Other pets and exposure to those animals
*Sleep habits
*Molting cycle
*Behavior: What are normal behaviors, and how have the behaviors changed since the drop in appetite?
*Previous pertinent medical history
*Any medications
*Chief complaint/presentation/reason for appointment/visit
NEW QUESTION # 554
Which of the following defines anesthetic dead space?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Anesthetic dead space describes the breathing tubes and passages that convey fresh oxygen to the alveoli but where no gas exchange occurs.
Deadspace, in general as pertaining to the airways, refers to the efficiency of the lung in removing carbon dioxide.
Mechanical dead space occurs due to the Y-piece and what lays between it and the portion of the endotracheal tube outside of the mouth. Sensors for apnea and the capnograph monitor also contribute to this type of dead space.
Anatomical dead space includes the mouth, nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, and pharynx.
The goal is always to minimize the patient's dead space as much as possible to improve air exchange.
NEW QUESTION # 555
Which teeth are not present in adult cats, as compared to adult dogs?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Adult cats do not have the upper PM1 (first premolar) or the lower PM1 and PM2 (first and second premolar) teeth.
Adult cats and dogs have the same number of canines and incisors. Adult cats have upper PM2, PM3, and PM4, and lower PM3 and PM4.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1218-1219.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 681-682.
NEW QUESTION # 556
Carpal valgus in a horse is best described by which of the following?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Carpal valgus is when the forelimb distal to the carpus laterally deviates; varus occurs when medially deviated.
Fetlock varus occurs when the limb distal to the fetlock medially deviates; fetlock valgus occurs when laterally deviated. Angular limb deformities occur when bone grows disproportionately on either side of the growth plate. The deformities can be congenital or developmental in origin.
NEW QUESTION # 557
What is the name of the surgery in which a surgeon changes the way a male cat urinates by modifying the urethra?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Perineal Urethrostomy (PU) is commonly explained to clients as a surgery that causes a male cat to urinate more like a female. In other words, the surgeon makes an external urethral opening in the perineum that allows urine, debris, mucous, and small crystals to pass more easily. Bypassing the penile urethra usually prevents obstruction. Complications are rare and can include stricture formation. Additional locations may be used for the urethrostomy (urethral opening), such as in male dogs with stones.
Thoracotomy is the opening of the chest (thorax). Gastrotomy is creating a surgical incision into the stomach. Cystotomy is an incision into the bladder.
NEW QUESTION # 558
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