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質問 # 33
The direct effects from labor union strikes fall under which one of the following general categories of risk sources?
正解：C
解説：
CPCU 500 groupssources of riskinto broad categories to help risk professionals identify where uncertainty originates and what types of controls may be effective. One of these categories ishuman risk sources, which arise from human actions, decisions, behavior, or conflict. These can be intentional or unintentional and include acts or conditions created by people that can disrupt operations or cause loss.
Alabor union strikeis a direct result of human behavior and organized human decision-making. The immediate consequences-work stoppages, reduced productivity, operational disruption, delayed shipments, and potential contract penalties-stem from a collective action by employees (and related negotiations with management). Because the trigger and the effects are rooted in people and their actions, CPCU 500 classifies strikes ashuman risk sources.
The other categories do not match the direct cause.Natural risk sourcesinvolve weather and geological events such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.Catastrophic risk sourcesgenerally refer to large-scale events that produce severe, widespread losses (often natural disasters, terrorism, or major systemic events), not routine labor actions.Economic risk sourcesrelate to changes in the economy or markets such as inflation, interest rates, unemployment, or recessions. While a strike can have economic impacts, the question asks about thedirect effectsand thesourceof the risk, which is the human action of striking rather than broader economic conditions.
質問 # 34
The owner of Toto Industries is evaluating various workers compensation plans for their ability to meet the organization's risk financing goals. The guaranteed cost policy is less effective than other programs in meeting which one of the following goals?
正解：D
解説：
In CPCU 500, risk financing programs are evaluated by how well they help an organization (1)pay for losses, (2)comply with legal requirements, (3)manage uncertainty, and (4)minimize the cost of risk. A workers compensationguaranteed costpolicy is the most traditional arrangement: the insured pays a fixed premium (subject to audit), and the insurer assumes the uncertainty of claim frequency and severity. This structure is very effective forpaying for lossesandmanaging uncertaintybecause the organization trades a known premium for the insurer's promise to fund covered claims. It also supportslegal compliance, since workers compensation insurance (or an approved alternative) is required in most jurisdictions.
Where guaranteed cost is typicallyless effectiveisminimizing the total cost of riskcompared with more risk- sensitive plans. The guaranteed cost premium includes insurer expenses, profit provisions, and risk charges for volatility-costs that may exceed the organization's ultimate loss experience. In contrast, programs such aslarge-deductible,retrospective rating, orself-insurance(where permitted) can reduce frictional costs and align the organization's payments more closely with its actual losses, especially for firms with strong safety performance and predictable loss results. Those alternative plans also strengthen financial incentives for loss control because improved results can translate more directly into lower net costs.
質問 # 35
Suzanne is a liability insurance underwriter for a large commercial insurer. She was unwilling to provide liability insurance for the manufacturer of self-driving vehicles because it did not have one of the major characteristics of an insurable risk. Which one of the following major characteristics of an insurable risk is the manufacturer missing?
正解：B
解説：
CPCU 500 explains that for a risk to be insurable, it should have certain characteristics that allow insurers topredict losses, price coverage, and spread riskeffectively. One of the most important is that the exposure be part of alarge number of similar exposure units. This supports the law of large numbers, allowing insurers to estimate expected loss frequency and severity with greater reliability and to stabilize results through pooling.
Liability arising fromself-driving vehicle manufacturingis a developing and rapidly changing exposure. Early in an emerging technology lifecycle, there may be relatively few vehicles in operation, limited years of experience, changing hardware/software versions, and shifting legal standards about responsibility between drivers, manufacturers, and software providers. These conditions reduce the degree to which exposures are
"similar" and make it difficult to build a large, stable pool of comparable units. Without that broad base of similar exposures, loss experience is less credible, pricing uncertainty increases, and results can be more volatile-key reasons an underwriter may decline the account.
The other options describe characteristics that often still can be met. Losses can be accidental from the insured's standpoint, and liability insurance generally addressespure risk. "Definite and measurable" can be satisfied if claims are documented and damages can be quantified, even if predicting them is hard. The most fundamental missing characteristic in this scenario is the lack of alarge number of similar exposure units.
質問 # 36
Foster Plumbing dug a hole in the street to run a water pipe from the main line to a new home. Foster planned to fill in the hole the next day. No barriers were erected, and Joe drove his car into the hole. Joe was injured and his car was destroyed. Joe sued Foster for damages. Foster's liability to Joe arises out of Foster's
正解：A
解説：
CPCU 500 explains liability loss exposures by focusing on whether the injury arises from an insured' songoing operations, conditions at a job site, or from work that has beencompleted.Premises and operations liabilityapplies when bodily injury or property damage occurs during the insured's current work activities or due to unsafe conditions created by those activities before the work is finished.
In this scenario, Foster Plumbing is actively performing work (digging and installing a water pipe). The hole was left open overnight withno barriers, creating a hazardous condition in a public roadway. Joe's injury and vehicle damage occurredbefore the job was completedand resulted directly from the way Foster conducted (or failed to safeguard) its ongoing operations. That is the hallmark of a premises and operations exposure: third- party injury/property damage caused by negligence in performing work or maintaining a safe work area.
Option C is incorrect becauseproducts and completed operationsapplies after the work has been finished and put to its intended use-such as a faulty installation causing damage later. Here, the loss occurred during the project, not after completion. Option D is incorrect because employers' liability involves claims by employees, and Joe is a third party. Option A (absolute liability) applies only in special situations (often statutory or ultrahazardous activities) and is not the standard basis here; this is ordinary negligence tied to operations.
質問 # 37
An earthquake destroyed the facilities of the main supplier of mufflers for an auto manufacturer. This is an example of which one of the following types of operational risk for the auto manufacturer?
正解：B
解説：
CPCU 500 emphasizes anticipating breakdowns in how an organization operates, including disruptions that originate outside the organization but still affect its ability to deliver products and services.Operational riskcommonly includes categories such as systems risk, process risk, performance risk, and external event risk. The key to this question is identifying that the trigger is not an internal failure at the auto manufacturer, but a disruptive event occurring in the external environment that impacts operations through the supply chain.
Here, anearthquakedestroys the facilities of the manufacturer'smain supplierof mufflers. A natural disaster is an external event, and the resulting interruption is a classicsupply chain disruption. Even though the loss physically occurs at the supplier's site, the auto manufacturer experiences operational consequences such as production delays, inability to meet delivery schedules, increased costs to source alternative parts, potential penalties, and reputational harm. This aligns directly withexternal event risk, which includes losses caused by events outside the organization's direct control (for example, natural catastrophes, political events, terrorism, or major third-party outages).
By contrast,systems riskrelates to failures of IT systems or infrastructure,process riskinvolves breakdowns in internal procedures and controls, andperformance riskfocuses on failures to meet objectives due to people or execution issues. Because the initiating cause is an external catastrophe affecting a third party, the correct classification isexternal event risk.
質問 # 38
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