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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
>> Latest VTNE Test Answers <<
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NEW QUESTION # 504
You are performing a dog dental cleaning, and you are concerned that there is gingival recession and want to measure the depth. What instrument will you reach for to measure the sulcus?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Periodontal probes examine periodontal tissues for pocket depth, recession, and hyperplasia. They are smooth on all sides with a blunt tip. The normal sulcus depth in dogs is up to 3 mm, while in cats, up to 1 mm represents a healthy mouth.
Curettes have a cutting edge and rounded tip, so they can be used both above (supragingivally) and below (subgingivally) the gum line. Scalers, while similar to curettes, have a cutting edge and a sharp tip that can damage delicate gingiva, so they should only be used supragingivally. Shepherd's hooks, or explorers, have smooth sides with a sharp tip. They can be used to detect subgingival calculus but do not have a sharp edge for removal.
NEW QUESTION # 505
What type of cleaning and sterilization is recommended for use with endoscopes?
Answer: C
Explanation:
To answer this question, you want to think about what you are trying to accomplish and if it is feasible. Endoscopes are manually cleaned after disassembly. An enzymatic cleaner should be used to break up organic matter and remove debris (many products are inactivated by organic matter). Always use products approved for use on the endoscope and its working parts. Once sufficient time has passed, rinsing the scope and components with distilled water is appropriate. Purging the channels without caps is also warranted before embarking on the disinfection process to help lessen contamination and dilution of the disinfection process.
High-level disinfection (HDL) is then recommended. The endoscopy cannot tolerate sterilization via ethylene oxide (gas) or steam-type sterilization methods. HDL is a cleaning modality that can eliminate all microorganisms except bacterial spores present in high numbers. Since endoscopes are semicritical items and not likely to contact nonintact skin, these spores are likely inconsequential in most circumstances.
The most commonly used FDA-approved product is Cidex OPA, an alkylating agent. Submerging the unit in this product for 40-60 minutes (and no longer) is sufficient. Once removed, all components must be flushed and rinsed with sterile or filtered water. If the only available option is tap water, it is recommended to have a final rinse with 70% alcohol. Purge the unit with air and hang it to dry or mount it in a well-ventilated area.
Cold sterilization is, in a way, a somewhat high-level disinfection process rather than true sterilization. Still, it is not acceptable for endoscopic instruments and the unit itself. Cold sterilization occurs when instruments are immersed in a disinfectant, thereby reducing contamination. This may be performed on instruments that cannot have repeated exposure to steam, or for which steam sterilization is contraindicated. Alcohol or glutaraldehyde is often used for this type of sterilization.
Flash sterilization is a variation on standard steam methods. The item being flashed is placed in an open tray or rigid container that permits rapid steam penetration. It lacks protective packaging and doesn't provide a means for biological indicators to tell effectiveness. This is often used for items that cannot be packaged and then stored. We may use this for orthopedic scores or plates, but it is not acceptable for use with endoscopic equipment.
NEW QUESTION # 506
What does the suffix -aemia indicate?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The suffix -aemia indicates that the word is related to the blood. Variations of this suffix include -emia and -hemia. Examples include hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia (too much or too little glucose in the blood).
The prefix osteo- indicates that the word is related to the bone. The prefix nephro- indicates that the word is related to the kidneys. The prefix cerebr(o)- indicates that the word is related to the brain.
NEW QUESTION # 507
During arthroscopic surgery, a blunt-tipped obturator is commonly used. What is the purpose of its use?
Answer: B
Explanation:
A blunt probe, or obturator, is used during arthroscopic surgery to penetrate the joint capsule's synovial membranes after the fibrous joint capsule has been penetrated by the sharp trocar. By using an obturator, surgeons decrease the risk of damaging cartilage when entering the joint.
Rongeurs are instruments used for removing osteochondral fragments. Curettes, when used in arthroscopic surgery, are instruments used for debriding diseased cartilage. Sharp trocars are sharp-tipped instruments used for advancing arthroscopic cannulas.
NEW QUESTION # 508
Taking a good history is important in all species. When considering birds, the history may give you significant information above and beyond what the owner can contribute from physical observations. Since many of our medical concerns in exotic species arise due to poor husbandry practices, ensuring a complete history in all exotics is paramount.
When considering the diet and appetite of the bird, all of the following are key questions to ask, except:
Answer: D
Explanation:
When considering nutrition, we want to ask about food and water changes. Changes in water consumption can aid in differential diagnoses. Further, suppose the owner offered bottled water, ran out, and is now offering tap water. In that case, the bird may have stopped drinking sufficiently due to impurities or taste differences. It could also speak to hydration status.
When discussing food/water concerns, we want to know the following:
*What food do they feed? This includes the percentage of the diet that comes from commercially-prepared foods, seeds, nuts, vegetables, and/or fruits. All too commonly, we find that birds are fed seeds exclusively, increasing the risk of dietary deficiencies and potential disease states. Have there been any changes in the foods fed in the past one to two months?
*How often is the bird fed?
*How much food is fed at each sitting?
*Does the owner add any vitamins or minerals to the food?
*How often does the water get changed? What is the water source, and has that changed?
Asking about stool/feces/droppings is also critical to a good history-taking. Feces are indirectly tied to food/appetite. With decreased appetites, we would expect a drop in fecal quantity. However, if the bird is drinking excessively, we would expect an increase in the uric acid component of the droppings. The following information is important to know:
*Consistency of the droppings
*Color of the droppings
*Number of droppings daily
*If there is any noteworthy odor to the droppings
Other key information for avian history includes:
*Bird's origin
*Bird's age and related signalment information
*Environment, including cage dimensions, perches, substrates, and more
*Enrichment/exercise
*Other pets and exposure to those animals
*Sleep habits
*Molting cycle
*Behavior: What are normal behaviors, and how have the behaviors changed since the drop in appetite?
*Previous pertinent medical history
*Any medications
*Chief complaint/presentation/reason for appointment/visit
NEW QUESTION # 509
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