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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - RBAC configuration - Service account security - API access restriction - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image security & scanning - Signed artifacts & verification - Permitted registries - SBOM & CI/CD security - Static analysis tools |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Behavioral analytics - Container immutability - Incident investigation - Threat detection (Falco) - Audit log configuration |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Node metadata protection - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration - CIS benchmark compliance - Binary verification |
| System Hardening | 10% | - Minimize OS attack surface - Least privilege IAM - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Network access control |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Security contexts - Secret management - Pod Security Standards - Isolation & multi-tenancy - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation |
>> Test Linux Foundation CKS Collection <<
The Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) (CKS) study material of DumpsMaterials is available in three different and easy-to-access formats. The first one is printable and portable Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) (CKS) PDF format. With the PDF version, you can access the collection of actual Linux Foundation CKS Questions with your smart devices like smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
NEW QUESTION # 48
SIMULATION
Create a User named john, create the CSR Request, fetch the certificate of the user after approving it.
Create a Role name john-role to list secrets, pods in namespace john
Finally, Create a RoleBinding named john-role-binding to attach the newly created role john-role to the user john in the namespace john. To Verify: Use the kubectl auth CLI command to verify the permissions.
Answer:
Explanation:
se kubectl to create a CSR and approve it.
Get the list of CSRs:
kubectl get csr
Approve the CSR:
kubectl certificate approve myuser
Get the certificate
Retrieve the certificate from the CSR:
kubectl get csr/myuser -o yaml
here are the role and role-binding to give john permission to create NEW_CRD resource:
kubectl apply -f roleBindingJohn.yaml --as=john
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/john_external-rosource-rb created kind: RoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata:
name: john_crd
namespace: development-john
subjects:
- kind: User
name: john
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: crd-creation
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: crd-creation
rules:
- apiGroups: ["kubernetes-client.io/v1"]
resources: ["NEW_CRD"]
verbs: ["create, list, get"]
NEW QUESTION # 49
SIMULATION
Documentation
Installing the Sidecar, PeerAuthentication, Deployments
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000041
Context
A microservices-based application using unencrypted Layer 4 (L4) transport must be secured with Istio.
Task
Perform the following tasks to secure an existing application's Layer 4 (L4) transport communication using Istio.
Istio is installed to secure Layer 4 (L4) communications.
You may use your browser to access Istio's documentation.
First, ensure that all Pods in the mtls namespace have the istio-proxy sidecar injected.
Next, configure mutual authentication in strict mode for all workloads in the mtls namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
Below is the CKS exam-ready, step-by-step solution for QUESTION 15.
Follow exactly in this order. No extra changes.
QUESTION 15 - Istio mTLS (EXAM MODE)
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000041
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Ensure sidecar injection is enabled for the mtls namespace
2.1 Check current namespace labels
kubectl get ns mtls --show-labels
2.2 Enable automatic Istio sidecar injection
kubectl label namespace mtls istio-injection=enabled --overwrite
Verify:
kubectl get ns mtls --show-labels | grep istio-injection
Expected:
istio-injection=enabled
3) Ensure ALL Pods get the istio-proxy sidecar
Existing Pods will not get sidecars automatically.
You must restart workloads in the namespace.
3.1 Restart all Deployments in mtls
kubectl -n mtls rollout restart deployment
3.2 Verify Pods now have 2 containers (app + istio-proxy)
kubectl -n mtls get pods
Then check one Pod:
kubectl -n mtls get pod <pod-name> -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}' Expected output includes:
istio-proxy
4) Configure mutual TLS (mTLS) in STRICT mode
4.1 Create a PeerAuthentication for the mtls namespace
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: PeerAuthentication
metadata:
name: mtls-strict
namespace: mtls
spec:
mtls:
mode: STRICT
EOF
5) Verify mTLS policy is applied
kubectl -n mtls get peerauthentication
kubectl -n mtls describe peerauthentication mtls-strict
Expected:
Mode: STRICT
6) Final verification (exam confidence check)
6.1 Confirm all Pods are Running
kubectl -n mtls get pods
6.2 Confirm sidecar injection everywhere
kubectl -n mtls get pods -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{" -> "}{.spec.containers[*].name}{"\n"}{end}' Each line must include istio-proxy.
NEW QUESTION # 50
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context test-account
Task: Enable audit logs in the cluster.
To do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that:
1. logs are stored at /var/log/Kubernetes/logs.txt
2. log files are retained for 5 days
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit log files are retained
A basic policy is provided at /etc/Kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml. It only specifies what not to log.
Note: The base policy is located on the cluster's master node.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. Nodes changes at RequestResponse level
2. The request body of persistentvolumes changes in the namespace frontend
3. ConfigMap and Secret changes in all namespaces at the Metadata level Also, add a catch-all rule to log all other requests at the Metadata level Note: Don't forget to apply the modified policy.
Answer:
Explanation:
$ vim /etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
- level: RequestResponse
userGroups: ["system:nodes"]
- level: Request
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
namespaces: ["frontend"]
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"]
- level: Metadata
$ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
Add these
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/logs.txt
- --audit-log-maxage=5
- --audit-log-maxbackup=10
Explanation
[desk@cli] $ ssh master1
[master1@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml
apiVersion: audit.k8s.io/v1 # This is required.
kind: Policy
# Don't generate audit events for all requests in RequestReceived stage.
omitStages:
- "RequestReceived"
rules:
# Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or services
- level: None
users: ["system:kube-proxy"]
verbs: ["watch"]
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["endpoints", "services"]
# Don't log authenticated requests to certain non-resource URL paths.
- level: None
userGroups: ["system:authenticated"]
nonResourceURLs:
- "/api*" # Wildcard matching.
- "/version"
# Add your changes below
- level: RequestResponse
userGroups: ["system:nodes"] # Block for nodes
- level: Request
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["persistentvolumes"] # Block for persistentvolumes
namespaces: ["frontend"] # Block for persistentvolumes of frontend ns
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: "" # core API group
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"] # Block for configmaps & secrets
- level: Metadata # Block for everything else
[master1@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
annotations:
kubeadm.kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver.advertise-address.endpoint: 10.0.0.5:6443 labels:
component: kube-apiserver
tier: control-plane
name: kube-apiserver
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
- kube-apiserver
- --advertise-address=10.0.0.5
- --allow-privileged=true
- --authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/log-policy/audit-policy.yaml #Add this
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/logs.txt #Add this
- --audit-log-maxage=5 #Add this
- --audit-log-maxbackup=10 #Add this
...
output truncated
Note: log volume & policy volume is already mounted in vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml so no need to mount it. Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/ Note: log volume & policy volume is already mounted in vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml so no need to mount it. Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/audit/
NEW QUESTION # 51
You need to implement a container image vulnerability scanning solution within your Kubernetes cluster. You want to use an external vulnerability scanner API that provides information about vulnerabilities in container images- Explain how you would design and implement this solution.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. choose Vulnerability Scanner:
- Select a reputable vulnerability scanner API that provides a comprehensive database and accurate information about container image vulnerabilities.
- Some options include Aqua Security, Anchore Engine, Snyk, Twistlock, and more.
- Choose a scanner with a suitable API interface for integration with your Kubernetes environment.
2. Implement a Scanner Service:
- Create a Kubernetes service that will communicate with your chosen vulnerability scanner API.
- This service will act as an intermediary between Kubernetes and the external scanner
- The service should be able to:
- Accept image details (registry, image name, tag) as input.
- Send requests to the scanner API to retrieve vulnerability information.
- Process the results from the scanner and format them for Kubernetes.
- (Optional) Store the scan results for future analysis and reporting.
3. Design Scanner Workflow:
- You can trigger scans using different methods:
- Automated Scanning: Implement a mechanism (e.g., a cron job or webhook triggered by image pushes) to automatically scan new images.
- On-Demand Scanning: Allow users to manually request image scans via a command line interface (CLI) or a user interface.
4. Integration with Kubernetes:
- You can integrate your scanner service with Kubernetes using several approaches:
- Admission Webh00k1 Use a wet)h00k to intercept pod creation or updates. The webh00k can send the image details to your scanner service and block pod creation if critical vulnerabilities are detected.
- Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs): Create CRDs to manage image scanning tasks- You can define a "ImageScan" or "Vulnerabilityscan" resource that represents a scan request.
- Deployment Controller: Use a custom controller or operator to manage the scanning process. This allows you to define rules for automatic scanning
and integrate with other Kubernetes resources.
5. Scanner Service Implementation (Example):
- Here's a simplified example using Python and a hypothetical "vulnerability-scanner" APC
python
import requests
import json
6. Handle Scan Results: - After scanning, process the vulnerability information received from the API. - You can: - Store the scan results in a database or log file. - Generate alerts or reports based on the severity of vulnerabilities found. - Integrate with other security tools or dashboards for analysis and remediation.
NEW QUESTION # 52
SIMULATION
Two tools are pre-installed on the cluster's worker node:
Using the tool of your choice (including any non pre-installed tool), analyze the container's behavior for at least 30 seconds, using filters that detect newly spawning and executing processes.
Store an incident file at /opt/KSRS00101/alerts/details, containing the detected incidents, one per line, in the following format:
The following example shows a properly formatted incident file:
Answer:
Explanation:
See explanation below
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 53
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